SummaryThe activation of phospholipase Da1 (PLDa1) produces lipid messenger phosphatidic acid and promotes stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. To explore the use of the PLDa1-mediated signalling towards decreasing water loss in crop plants, we introduced Arabidopsis PLDa1 under the control of a guard cell-specific promoter AtKatI pro into two canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Multiple AtKatI pro ::PLDa1 lines in each cultivar displayed decreased water loss and improved biomass accumulation under hyperosmotic stress conditions, including drought and high salinity. Moreover, AtKatI pro ::PLDa1 plants produced more seeds than did WT plants in fields under drought. The results indicate that the guard cell-specific expression of PLDa1 has the potential to improve crop yield by enhancing drought tolerance.

ObjectivesIn this study, the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich sprouted adzuki beans on the glycolipid metabolism and gastrointestinal health were investigated in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsMice with T2DM were subjected to dietary intervention with different doses of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans for 6 consecutive weeks, during which growth indicators, glycolipid metabolism, and the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota changes were observed.ResultsA high dietary intake of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans had a preventive effect against weight gain, significantly reduced serum levels of FBG, TG, and TC. Additionally, high dietary intake of GABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans increased the abundances of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Akkermansia, leading to a shift in the structure of the gut microbiota toward the dominance of probiotics with regulatory effects on glycolipid metabolism.ConclusionsGABA-rich sprouted adzuki beans can effectively control the bodyweight of mice with T2DM, maintain a balanced blood glucose level, improve glycolipid metabolism and the changes in the microbiota may mediate the anti-diabetic effect of sprouted adzuki beans.

The construction of large-scale wind farms results in a dramatic increase of wind turbine (WT) faults. The failure mode is also becoming increasingly complex. This study proposes a new model for early warning and diagnosis of WT faults to solve the problem of Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, given that the traditional threshold method cannot provide timely warning. First, the characteristic quantity of fault early warning and diagnosis analyzed by clustering analysis can obtain in advance abnormal data in the normal threshold range by considering the effects of wind speed. Based on domain knowledge, Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is then modified to establish the fault early warning and diagnosis model. This approach improves the accuracy of the model under the condition of absent and sparse training data. Case analysis shows that the effect of the early warning and diagnosis model in this study is better than that of the traditional threshold method.

This study aimed to investigate the optimal hypoxic and monosodium glutamate (MSG) stress conditions for the enrichment of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinating adzuki beans and to reveal the potential underlying molecular mechanisms of GABA accumulation. Using single-factor experiments and response surface model, we investigated the effects of germination time, germination temperature, vacuum time, and MSG concentration on GABA contents, and further explored the activity and gene expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and polyamine oxidase (PAO) critical rate restriction enzymes during GABA synthesis. The optimal soaking temperature, soaking time, and pH conditions were 35°C, 16 h, and 5, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal germination conditions for optimal GABA enrichment were 48 h, 1.99 mg/ml MSG concentration, germination temperature of 31.49°C, and vacuum time of 15.83 h. Under such conditions, the predicted GABA concentration was 443.57 ± 7.18 mg/100 g, with no significant difference between the predicted and experimental data. The vacuum + MSG (FZM) treatment has a maximum contribution rate of GABA to 38.29%, which significantly increase GABA content, and the increase was associated with increased GAD and PAO activity. In addition, MSG in combination with vacuum treatment could significantly induce VaGAD4 and VaGAD6 genes in 2 days germination of adzuki beans. According to the results of the present study, vacuum + MSG treatment is an effective approach to enhancing GABA accumulation in germinating adzuki beans, which could be employed in enhancing the functional quality of germinating adzuki beans.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common metabolic diseases, and exploring strategies to prevent and treat diabetes has become extremely important. In recent decades the search for new therapeutic strategies for T2DM involving dietary interventions has attracted public attention. We established a diabetic mouse model by feeding mice a high-fat diet combined with injection of low-dose streptozotocin, intending to elucidate the effects and possible mechanisms of different dosages of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-rich germinated adzuki beans on the treatment of diabetes in mice. The mice were treated for 6 weeks either with increasing doses of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans, with non-germinated adzuki beans, with GABA, or with the positive control drug metformin. Then, the blood glucose levels and blood lipid biochemical indicators of all the mice were measured. At the same time, serum differential metabolite interactions were explored by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based serum metabolomic analysis. The results showed that body weight and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). We also report improved levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea, and serum creatinine. We observed a significant improvement in the homeostasis model assessment of the beta cell function and insulin resistance (HOMA-β and HOMA-IR) scores (P < 0.05) in the group of mice treated with the highest dose of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans. In addition, the metabolic profiles of the serum were analyzed, and 31 differential metabolites including amino acids and lipids were obtained. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, this was found to be correlated with nine significantly enriched metabolic pathways involving the up-regulation of levels of L-serine, SM (d18:1/22:1(13Z)), L-histidine, creatine, and 3-indoleacetic acid. Our data suggest that the hypoglycemic effect of GABA-enriched germinated adzuki beans on diabetic mice may be related to improving tryptophan metabolism, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, sphingosline metabolism, and the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolic pathways. This study provides a reference for the application of GABA-enriched germinated foods in type 2 diabetes and could provide a cue for searching biomarkers to be adopted for T2DM diagnosis.

Antimicrobial peptides and their analogues have become substitutes for antibiotics in recent years. The antimicrobial peptide analogue SAMP‐A4‐C8 (n‐octanoic‐VRLLRRRI) with high antimicrobial activity was found in our lab. We speculate that it may kill pathogens by some lethal mechanism of action. In the present investigation, the microbicidal activities of SAMP‐A4‐C8 and its mechanism of action were investigated. The results demonstrated that SAMP‐A4‐C8 had lethal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans by cell disruption. Based on its microbicidal activities, we believe that it is worth further research for its potential as drug candidate. The results showed that SAMP‐A4‐C8, with low propensity to induce the resistance of S. aureus and C. albicans, could kill the persister cells of S. aureus and C. albicans, exhibited biofilm forming inhibition activity and preformed biofilm eradication ability against S. aureus and C. albicans, and displayed therapeutic potential on pneumonia in S. aureus‐infected mice by reducing lung inflammation. The present study provided a promising drug candidate in the war against multidrug resistance.

In order to study the nutritional changes of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enrichment in adzuki bean germination, vacuum combined with monosodium glutamate (MSG) was used as the germination stress of adzuki bean. The nutrient transfer before and after GABA enrichment in adzuki bean germination under vacuum combined with MSG stress were studied by means of chromatography and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect of different solvent extracts before and after germination of adzuki bean were evaluated by experiments in vitro. The results showed that the nutritional characteristics of adzuki bean rich in GABA changed significantly (P < 0.05), the total fatty acids decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the 21 amino acids detected increased significantly. After germination, the starch granules of adzuki bean became smaller and the surface was rough Germination stress significantly increased the antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of the extracts from different solvents (P < 0.05), and the water extracts had the best effect on DPPH and ⋅OH radical scavenging rates of 88.52 and 83.56%, respectively. The results indicated that the germinated adzuki bean rich in GABA was more nutritious than the raw adzuki bean and had good antioxidant activity. It hoped to provide technical reference for rich food containing GABA.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of using Hemocoagulase Bothrops Atrox in the submucosal injection solution for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Methods A total of 120 patients with superficial neoplastic lesions of the esophagus, stomach, and colon receiving ESD were randomly divided into two groups: The epinephrine group used epinephrine-containing submucosal fluid cushion for ESD, while the hemocoagulase group used Hemocoagulase Bothrops Atrox-containing submucosal fluid cushion for ESD. The preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical parameters and postoperative adverse events of the two groups were recorded, and comparative analysis within and between groups was performed. Results There was no significant difference in the demographic and clinical characteristics between the hemocoagulase and epinephrine group (all P > 0.05). ESD surgery was completed in all patients. The hemocoagulase group had significantly shorter surgery time (P = 0.003) and less number of intraoperative bleeding (P = 0.010) than the epinephrine group. However, there was no significant difference in the incidences of postoperative delayed hemorrhage, and adverse events between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Multivariate linear regression demonstrated that the epinephrine group had significantly more number of intraoperative bleeding (B: 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.04–1.93) as compared with the hemocoagulase group. Conclusion Compared with epinephrine, using Hemocoagulase Bothrops Atrox in the submucosal injection for ESD surgery can significantly reduce the number of intraoperative bleeding, shorten the operation time, and did not elevate the incidence of adverse events.