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Framed by social learning theory, the study examines a set of personal and social factors determining off-task social media multitasking inside university classrooms. We aim to clarify the relationships between social media multitasking and self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, multitasking preference as well as peer distraction, and to elucidate the interactive relationships between these factors. Questionnaire data from 203 university students in China show that academic self-efficacy fully mediates the association between intrinsic motivation and off-task multitasking. Moreover, multitasking preference partially mediates the association between peer distraction and off-task multitasking during class time. The findings of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of why students multitask during class, which can inform the development of strategies for combating social media distraction and enhancing students’ learning engagement.

Abstract. A novel transmission with multistage face gears as the core component achieves variable speeds via differential gear shifting. Single/multistage coupled vibration models have been established in this study to derive the coupled vibration equation in order to accurately solve the load distribution between the meshing teeth and the vibration shock between the shifting stages in the transmission process, improve the transmission smoothness of the face gears during the shifting processing, suppress the resonance of face gears meshing, reduce the noise, and optimize the power transmission performance. The characterization relationships of the key parameters such as equivalent mass, rotational inertia, equivalent mesh stiffness, support stiffness, and meshing damping coefficient to dynamic characteristics were investigated. The linear and nonlinear dynamic characteristics of coupled vibration differential equations were solved. The influence rules of factors such as integrated transmission error, dynamic load, tooth surface friction, loading speed, and load on the transmission system were analyzed. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis for the expansion of field of application of transmission devices.

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