The precursor of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanocrystals modified by nitrogen atoms (N-AZO) can be quantityproduced by ultrasonic−hydrothermal equipment. Then the N-AZO photocatalysts with good visible-light response were synthesized via solid-phase method with urea as a nitrogen source. The ultraviolet visible (UV−vis) patterns of N-AZO nanocrystals obviously showed a red shift toward the visible-light region compared to pure aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) nanocrystals and an absorbance in the wavelength range of 450−600 nm which was attributed to the change of lattice structure after nitrogen doping. The photocatalytic activity of N-AZO photocatalysts were investigated by the degradation of RhB solution in sunlight irradiation. The ratio of nitrogen atoms to Zn atoms had significant impact on the photocatalytic efficiency of N-AZO nanocrystals. The experimental results showed that the optimal doping mole ratio of urea molecules to zinc atoms was 6:5, and the RhB dyes were degradated completely within 2 h, exhibiting that improved photocatalytic activity increased by 400% compared with that of pure AZO nanocrystals. What is more, a feasible water purification reactor with continuous photodegradation was manufactured which was also suitable to degrade other kinds of organic pollutants by changing the effective photocatalyst. The result showed that when the flow velocity of RhB solution (2 × 10 −5 g/L) was 60 mL/min, the degradation rates of the four reactors were about 38%, 48%, 62.5%, and 100%, respectively.

Considering how communities perceive the threat and risks of COVID-19, it is essential to examine how emotional regulation stimulated through intrinsic and extrinsic incentive mechanisms via social media can reinforce ‘Stay at home’ intentions. The conceptual framework was developed using the elements of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM). A self-reported questionnaire was used to measure individuals’ intention to stay at home during the pandemic based on the perceived locus of causality as a part of self-determination theory. The empirical research was conducted on a sample of 306 USA respondents. The study results indicate that both components of the EPPM—efficacy and threat—positively affect ‘stay at home’ intentions. Moreover, a positive effect of efficacy on threats was found, as was a moderating effect of threats on the relationship between efficacy and the intention to stay at home. Meanwhile, the influence of social media exposure on threats and behavioral intentions was not significant. People are likely to stay at home as a preventive measure during COVID-19 if there is enough threats and efficacy. However, the abundance of information and opinions in social media can lead to a decreased perceived threat and might disrupt the acceptance of preventive actions.

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