Extracellular vesicles secreted from adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have therapeutic effects in inflammatory diseases. However, production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from ADSCs is costly, inefficient, and time consuming. The anti‐inflammatory properties of adipose tissue‐derived EVs and other biogenic nanoparticles have not been explored. In this study, biogenic nanoparticles are obtained directly from lipoaspirate, an easily accessible and abundant source of biological material. Compared to ADSC‐EVs, lipoaspirate nanoparticles (Lipo‐NPs) take less time to process (hours compared to months) and cost less to produce (clinical‐grade cell culture facilities are not required). The physicochemical characteristics and anti‐inflammatory properties of Lipo‐NPs are evaluated and compared to those of patient‐matched ADSC‐EVs. Moreover, guanabenz loading in Lipo‐NPs is evaluated for enhanced anti‐inflammatory effects. Apolipoprotein E and glycerolipids are enriched in Lipo‐NPs compared to ADSC‐EVs. Additionally, the uptake of Lipo‐NPs in hepatocytes and macrophages is higher. Lipo‐NPs and ADSC‐EVs have comparable protective and anti‐inflammatory effects. Specifically, Lipo‐NPs reduce toll‐like receptor 4‐induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Guanabenz‐loaded Lipo‐NPs further suppress inflammatory pathways, suggesting that this combination therapy can have promising applications for inflammatory diseases.
Crack-free bulk AlN single crystals up to 60 mm in diameter are successfully grown for the first time using a series of proprietary techniques by the physical vapor transport method. The single crystals are sliced into on-axis (AE0.2 ) wafers and then lapped/polished following common wafering standards. The obtained wafers are characterized by Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD). The Raman spectra show an E 2 (high) full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2.85-2.87 cm À1 . The symmetric and asymmetric HRXRD rocking curves show FWHMs of 172-288 and 103-242 arcsec, respectively. The optical transmission spectra reveal that the entire wafers exhibit excellent ultraviolet (UV) transparency with absorption coefficients of 14-21 cm À1 in the UV range 4. 43-4.77 eV (260-280 nm). The average etch pit density (EPD) determined by preferential chemical etching is about 2.3 Â 10 5 cm À2 . The major impurities determined by evolved gas analysis and glow discharge mass spectrometry are carbon at 7.4 Â 10 18 cm À3 (45 ppmw), oxygen at 1.2 Â 10 19 cm À3 (100 ppmw), and silicon at 6.8 Â 10 17 cm À3 (9.7 ppmw). The usable area of the 60 mm wafers exceeds 98%.
In this paper, the hydrodynamic mechanism of moving particles in laminar micro-channel flows was numerically investigated. A hydrodynamic criterion was proposed to determine whether particles in channel flows can form a focusing pattern or not. A simple formula was derived to demonstrate how the focusing position varies with Reynolds number and particle size. Based on this proposed criterion, a possible hydrodynamic mechanism was discussed as to why the particles would not be focused if their sizes were too small or the channel Reynolds number was too low. The Re-λ curve (Re, λ respectively represents the channel-based Reynolds number and the particle’s diameter scaled by the channel) was obtained using the data fitting with a least square method so as to obtain a parameter range of the focusing pattern. In addition, the importance of the particle rotation to the numerical modeling for the focusing of particles was discussed in view of the hydrodynamics. This research is expected to deepen the understanding of the particle transport phenomena in bounded flow, either in micro or macro fluidic scope.
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