Aims: Glycated albumin (GA) is a biomarker for short-term (2-3 weeks) glycaemic control. However, the predictive utility of GA for diabetes and prediabetes is largely uncharacterised. We aimed to investigate the relationships of baseline serum GA levels with incident diabetes and prediabetes.
Methods:This was a longitudinal cohort study involving 516 subjects without diabetes or prediabetes at baseline. Blood glucose levels were observed during followup. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using COX proportional hazard models. Receiver operating characteristic curves and areas under the curves (AUCs) were used to evaluate the discriminating abilities of glycaemic biomarkers and prediction models.Results: During a 9-year follow-up, 51 individuals (9.88%) developed diabetes and 92 (17.83%) prediabetes. Unadjusted HRs (95% CI) for both diabetes and prediabetes increased proportionally with increasing GA levels in a dose-response manner. Multivariable-adjusted HRs (95% CI) for diabetes were significantly elevated from 1.0 (reference) to 5.58 (1.86-16.74). However, the trend was no longer significant for prediabetes after multivariable adjustment. AUCs for GA, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2h-PBG) for predicting diabetes were 0.698, 0.655 and 0.725, respectively. The AUCs for GA had no significant differences compared with those for FBG (p = 0.376) and 2h-PBG (p = 0.552). Replacing FBG or 2h-PBG or both with GA in diabetes prediction models made no significant changes to the AUCs of the models.Conclusions: GA is of good prognostic utility in predicting diabetes. However, GA may not be a useful biomarker for predicting prediabetes. K E Y W O R D S biomarker, cohort study, glycated albumin, type 2 diabetes Yuanyuan Bai and Yujie Fang are co-first authors.
In order to calculate the dynamic distribution of rail potential and stray current accurately, a multi‐state unified calculation model of rail potential and stray current is proposed, and the characteristics of different protection devices and reflux system in multi‐state DC railway systems are analysed. In the proposed model, the multi‐state characteristics of the traction substation, train, protection devices and reflux system are uniformly simulated by unified node models. The mixed simulation parameters of the catenary and reflux system are unified to lumped parameter networks, and the multi‐node voltage equations are established based on the simulation model. Then, the power flow of DC railway systems is calculated using an iterative solution, and the dynamic distribution of rail potential and stray current are solved by differential equations. The multi‐state unified calculation model is built and the distribution of rail potential and stray current in different conditions are simulated based on the parameters of Wuxi Subway Line 2. In order to verify the multi‐state unified calculation model proposed, field tests and simulations are carried out. Results show that the multi‐state unified calculation model can unify the complex states of DC railway systems and calculate the distribution of rail potential and stray current accurately.
Currently, in multitrain DC subway system, abnormal increase of rail potential (RP) and stray current (SC) has seriously threatened the safe operation of the system. Over voltage protection device (OVPD) is generally chosen to control the RP, but its action process may increase the amplitude of SC seriously. Here, the grounding resistance of OVPD is optimized by a proposed multi‐objective decomposition algorithm based on differential evolution (MOEA/D‐DE) to suppress the rise of RP and SC synergistically. Firstly, the simulation model of the DC subway system with multitrain is built, the power flow calculation is conducted, and the dynamic RP and leakage current (LC) at the location of traction substation are obtained. Secondly, the double objective optimization model of maximum RP and LC is established and solved by MOEA/D‐DE. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified based on the data of Guangzhou Metro Line 2. Results show that the SC of the system can be controlled effectively with OVPD grounding mode after optimization, and integrated control of RP and SC can be accomplished.
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