Unlike those on public permissionless blockchains, smart contracts on enterprise permissioned blockchains are not limited by resource constraints, and therefore often larger and more complex. Current testing and analysis tools lack support for such contracts, which demonstrate stateful behaviors and require special treatment in quality assurance. In this paper, we present a model-based testing platform, called ModCon, relying on user-specified models to define test oracles, guide test generation, and measure test adequacy. ModCon is Web-based and supports both permissionless and permissioned blockchain platforms. We demonstrate the usage and key features of ModCon on real enterprise smart contract applications. CCS CONCEPTS • Software and its engineering → Software testing and debugging.
This paper studies a three-echelon supply chain consisting of a commercial bank, an e-commerce platform, and a capital-constrained online retailer. Due to limited creditworthiness, the retailer can only obtain a restricted bank loan, while the remaining needs to resort to the e-commerce platform to fund its business. We formulate a three-echelon Stackelberg game in which the bank is a leader, the e-commerce platform is a subleader, and the retailer is a follower. We analytically derive the optimal interest rates of the bank and the ecommerce platform and the optimal order quantity of the retailer. Compared with the nonfinancing case, we characterize the regions of the interest rates charged by the bank and the e-commerce platform under which Pareto improvement can be achieved. We also present the retailer's financing preference under equilibrium and show how the initial capital affects the retailer's financing selection. Numerical examples demonstrate that the retailer's order quantity and expected profit increase with the bank's loan ratio.
Background Accurate segmentation of nodules in the lung parenchyma has been an important goal in refining computer-aided diagnosis of lung disease, especially early lung cancer. Most established segmentation methods can effectively segment nodules, although nodules arising from/adjacent to the pleura remain a challenge, especially in patient populations where benign pleural disease, such as tuberculosis, is common. Accurate segmentation of solitary pulmonary nodules, which carry a defined risk of malignancy according to change in size and other factors, is of great importance. We have developed a segmentation method for areas of lung parenchyma containing solitary pleural nodules. Beginning with rough region growing segmentation of the lung parenchyma, we applied the split sample Davis-Putnam (DP) total least squares algorithm to optimize the profile. We used regression analysis to extract the best bowls of repair radius. Finally, we employed the rolling ball method to assess the outer contours of the lungs and show any irregularities, which would include nodules abutting or arising from the pleura. Our results show that this method is effective in detecting these nodules. The success rate of our automatic repair method is >80%, close to that of manual repair.
We investigate the bargaining equilibrium in a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a supplier and a capital-constrained retailer. The newsvendor-like retailer can borrow from a bank or use the supplier's trade credit to fund his business. In the presence of bankruptcy risk for both the supplier and retailer, with a wholesale price contract, we model the player's strategic interactions under the Nash and Rubinstein bargaining games. In both financing schemes, the Nash bargaining game overcomes the double marginalization effect under the Stackelberg game and achieves supply chain coordination. The Rubinstein bargaining game realizes the Pareto improvement of the supply chain. The player with stronger bargaining power always prefers to initially offer a contract under the Rubinstein bargaining game to obtain greater expected profit. Furthermore, we characterize the conditions under which bargaining power and discount factor affect the bargaining equilibrium. We numerically verify our theoretical results.
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