Filifoliumsibiricum (L.)Kitam (F.sibiricum), a compositae plant, is especially used to inhibit drug-resistant bacteria in folk medicine. Modern pharmacological studies also confirmed a variety of pharmacological properties about sedative activities, antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activities, antitussive and asthma relieving. In this paper, the research progress of F.sibiricum in botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology was reviewed. Prospects for future investigation and application of this herb were also discussed. Information on F.sibiricum was gathered from various sources, including books on traditional Chinese herbal medicine and scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Baidu Scholar, CNKI and other professional websites. The results indicate that ~ 66 chemical compounds were isolated and identified from F.sibiricum. Among them, flavonoids are generally considered to be the main bioactive and characteristic ingredients. F.sibiricum is a traditional Chinese medicine with pharmacological activities such as the immune system, nervous system, respiratory system and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Most importantly, we should concentrate on developing new drugs related to F.sibiricum, so as to exert greater potential for treatment.
Objectives: Multiple myeloma (MM) is known as an incurable cancer of plasma cells, which incurs significant burden on patients. There are estimated 27,000 MM patients in China in 2013, and the incidence is 1-4 per 100,000 people per year. However, the disease burden of MM in China has not been well studied. Using Guangzhou claim data, this article estimated the economic burden on patients with MM from a societal perspective. MethOds: 2009-2011 databases of Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance and Urban Residents Basic Medical Insurance were used to estimate the direct medical cost of MM and the determinants of medical cost. The direct medical costs of bortezomib-based therapies and regular chemotherapies were compared. Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) was used to estimate the indirect cost. Results: For a patients with MM conditions in Guangzhou, the direct cost was RMB 8.45 million in 2009, 8.52 million in 2010, and 13.90 million in 2011, while the indirect cost was RMB 12.18 million, 13.11 million, and 19.46 million, respectively. Moreover, the MM medical cost was higher with age, increasing reimbursement rate and length of stay. The average hospitalization expenditure for bortezomibbased therapies and regular chemotherapies were RMB 60,945.84±38,335.12 and 16,465.62±19,695.13 (P< 0.001). The out-of-pocket (OOP) cost for per treatment cycle were significantly higher for patients treated with bortezomib-based therapy (RMB 43,773.57±12,415.07) than for those treated with regular chemotherapies (RMB 3,720.74±4,060.65). cOnclusiOns: MM conditions have serious economic burdens, and was significantly increased overtime in China.MM patients would pay over 12 times more OOP cost for the use of bortizomib-based therapy than for the use of commonly-used chemotherapies.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.