For scalar theories accommodating spherically symmetric Q-balls, there are also towers of quasi-stable composite Q-balls, called charge swapping Q-balls (CSQs). We investigate the properties, particularly the lifetimes, of these long-lived CSQs in 2+1D and 3+1D using numerical simulations with efficient second order absorbing boundary conditions. We find that the evolution of a CSQ typically consists of 4 distinct stages: initial relaxation, first plateau (CSQ stage), fast decay and second plateau (oscillon stage). We chart the lifetimes of CSQs for different parameters of the initial conditions and of the potential, and show the attractor behavior and other properties of the CSQs.
A visible-light-promoted hydroxylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using recyclable graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a heterogeneous photocatalyst was developed. This protocol enabled the selective synthesis of various hydroxyl-containing quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones in good to excellent yields under an ambient air atmosphere. Importantly, this heterogeneous catalyst can be used at least 6 times without significant loss of activity.
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