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Summary N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) reader protein plays an important role in trichome morphology, developmental timing and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. However, the function of m6A readers in plant‐microbe interaction remains unclear. Here, a Malus YTH‐domain family protein MhYTP2 was initially characterized as an m6A reader. MhYTP2 overexpression increased mRNA m6A modification level and translation efficiency. The m6A in the exon regions appeared to destabilize the mRNAs, whereas m6A in the untranslated regions positively correlated with the associated mRNA abundance. MhYTP2 overexpression enhanced apple powdery mildew resistance, possibly by rapidly degrading the bound mRNAs of MdMLO19 and MdMLO19‐X1 and improving the translation efficiency of the antioxidant genes. To conclude, the results shed light on the apple m6A profile, the effect of MhYTP2 on m6A profile, and the m6A roles in MdMLO19 and MdMLO19‐X1 mRNAs stability and glutamate dehydrogenase 1‐like MdGDH1L mRNA translation efficiency.

Cadmium (Cd) is a common environmental pollutant, and urinary Cd (UCd) is generally used as a marker of exposure; however, our understanding on the related urinary metabolic changes caused by Cd exposure is still not clear. In this study, we applied a mass-spectrometry-based metabolomic approach to assess the urinary metabolic changes in human with long-term environmental Cd exposure, aimed to identify early biomarkers to assess Cd nephrotoxicity. Urine samples from 94 female never smokers aged 44-70 with UCd in the range of 0.20-68.67 μg/L were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that metabolites related to amino acid metabolism (L-glutamine, L-cystine, L-tyrosine, N-methyl-L-histidine, L-histidinol, taurine, phenylacetylglutamine, hippurate, and pyroglutamic acid), galactose metabolism (D-galactose and myo-inositol), purine metabolism (xanthine, urea, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate), creatine pathway (creatine and creatinine), and steroid hormone biosynthesis (17-α-hydroxyprogesterone, tetrahydrocortisone, estrone, and corticosterone) were significantly higher among those with a UCd level higher than 5 μg/L. Moreover, we noticed that the level of N-methyl-L-histidine had already started to elevate among individuals with a UCd concentration of ≥2 μg/L. The overall findings illustrate that metabolomics offer a useful approach for revealing metabolic changes as a result of Cd exposure.

suPAR is specifically elevated in some patients with FSGS, which differs from the finding in patients with MCD and MN. A suPAR assay may help predict steroid response in patients with primary FSGS.