Tin perovskite is rising as a promising candidate to address the toxicity and theoretical efficiency limitation of lead perovskite. However, the voltage and efficiency of tin perovskite solar cells are much lower than lead counterparts. Herein, indene-C 60 bisadduct with higher energy level is utilized as an electron transporting material for tin perovskite solar cells. It suppresses carrier concentration increase caused by remote doping, which significantly reduces interface carriers recombination. Moreover, indene-C 60 bisadduct increases the maximum attainable photovoltage of the device. As a result, the use of indene-C 60 bisadduct brings unprecedentedly high voltage of 0.94 V, which is over 50% higher than that of 0.6 V for device based on [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The device shows a record power conversion efficiency of 12.4% reproduced in an accredited independent photovoltaic testing lab.
For the state-of-the-art quantum dot light-emitting diodes, while the ZnO nanoparticle layers can provide effective electron injections into quantum dots layers, the hole transporting materials usually cannot guarantee sufficient hole injection owing to the deep valence band of quantum dots. Developing proper hole transporting materials to match energy levels with quantum dots remains a great challenge to further improve the device efficiency and operation lifetime. Here we demonstrate high-performance quantum dot light-emitting diodes with much extended operation lifetime using quantum dots with tailored energy band structures that are favorable for hole injections. These devices show a T95 operation lifetime of more than 2300 h with an initial brightness of 1000 cd m−2, and an equivalent T50 lifetime at 100 cd m−2 of more than 2,200,000 h, which meets the industrial requirement for display applications.
Incorporating a dipole interlayer has been one of the most crucial
interfacial engineering strategies in organic and perovskite solar
cells. An interfacial dipole brings steep shifts in electronic band
structure across interfaces and thus effectively tunes charge carrier
transport. However, the origin of the interfacial dipole and its effects
on device performance are not entirely clear; they are even controversial
in some cases. We devote this Perspective to identifying the electric
dipole of various interlayers and correlating the interfacial dipole
with device performance on the basis of classical semiconductor device
theory. It is important to further consider the chemical nature of
interlayers beyond the simplified model of an interfacial dipole to
develop a full understanding of interfacial structure, energy bands,
and device operation mechanism. Researchers are encouraged to integrate in situ and in operando characterizations
with numerical simulations in future studies.
Investigation of the response of coral microbial communities to seasonal ecological environment at the microscale will advance our understanding of the relationship between coral-associated bacteria community and coral health. In this study, we examined bacteria community composition from mucus, tissue and skeleton of Porites lutea and surrounding seawater every three months for 1 year on Luhuitou fringing reef. The bacterial communities were analyzed using pyrosequencing of the V1-V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene, which demonstrated diverse bacterial consortium profiles in corals. The bacterial communities in all three coral compartments studied were significantly different from the surrounding seawater. Moreover, they had a much more dynamic seasonal response compared to the seawater communities. The bacterial communities in all three coral compartments collected in each seasonal sample tended to cluster together. Analysis of the relationship between bacterial assemblages and the environmental parameters showed that the bacterial community correlated to dissolved oxygen and rainfall significantly at our study site. This study highlights a dynamic relationship between the high complexity of coral associated bacterial community and seasonally varying ecosystem parameters.
In this paper, polydopamine/graphitic carbon nitride (PDA/g-C 3 N 4 ) has been synthesized by the dopamine (DA) polymerization modification of the surface of g-C 3 N 4 . For a study of the morphology and optical property of catalysts, the obtained PDA/g-C 3 N 4 composites were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, TGA, DRS (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy), photoluminescence, and photocurrent generation. Polydopamine (PDA) plays multiple roles as a light absorption substance, an electron transfer acceptor, and an adhesive interface in the design of PDA/g-C 3 N 4 photosynthetic systems. The optical results demonstrate that PDA has an effect on the PDA/g-C 3 N 4 composite light-harvesting capacity. With an increasing PDA ratio, the photocatalyst's light-harvesting ability was gradually improved. In addition, the 10%PDA/g-C 3 N 4 composite has been shown to be highly efficient for the degradation of the organic dyes methylene blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB), and phenol under visible-light irradiation. The degradation efficiency of MB is about 98% in 3 h, and the catalysts can have a degradation efficiency higher than 90% after four cycles. Polydopamine (PDA), as a surface-modified additive with abundant semiquinone and quinone functional ligands, was introduced for an improvement of the transfer ability of photoinduced electrons and accepts them from a semiconductor-based photocatalysis material (g-C 3 N 4 ), which can reduce electron−hole recombination of g-C 3 N 4 and enhance the photocatalytic activity.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have increasingly played crucial roles in biological and medical research, but are not yet in routine use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. We developed and applied a procedure for high-throughput RNA sequencing of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from cell culture-derived isolates and clinical specimens. Ten PRRSV isolates with known sequence information, 2 mixtures each with 2 different PRRSV isolates, and 51 clinical specimens (19 sera, 16 lungs, and 16 oral fluids) with various PCR threshold cycle (Ct) values were subjected to nucleic acid extraction, cDNA library preparation (24-plexed), and sequencing. Whole genome sequences were obtained from 10 reference isolates with expected sequences and from sera with a PRRSV real-time reverse transcription PCR Ct ≤ 23.6, lung tissues with Ct ≤ 21, and oral fluids with Ct ≤ 20.6. For mixtures with PRRSV-1 and -2 isolates (57.8% nucleotide identity), NGS was able to distinguish them as well as obtain their respective genome sequences. For mixtures with 2 PRRSV-2 isolates (92.4% nucleotide identity), sequence reads with nucleotide ambiguity at numerous sites were observed, indicating mixed infection; however, individual virus sequences could only be separated when 1 isolate identity and sequence in the mixture is known. The NGS approach described herein offers the prospect of high-throughput sequencing and could be adapted to routine workflows in veterinary diagnostic laboratories, although further improvement of sequencing outcomes from clinical specimens with higher Ct values remains to be investigated.
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