Glutamine (GLN) and glutamic acid (GLA) are involved in many metabolic processes, from nucleotide synthesis to nerve impulse conduction; GLN is also an energy substrate for immunocompetent cells, making it an important link in the immune response. In stressful situations, which include significant physical activity, plasma levels of GLN and GLA decrease as a result of the amino acid being actively consumed in many biochemical reactions. GLN deficiency can lead to a number of negative manifestations in athletes and adversely affect athletic performance. The purpose of this work was to study the effects of glutamine deficiency and the possible replenishment of the deficiency by the consumption of exogenous forms of the substance when using glutamine-containing products; special attention was paid to the study of transient decrease in immune function as a relevant factor that impairs the mode of sports training.
Numerous studies conducted in recent decades have generated vast amounts of knowledge on sport-related concussions. This review analyzes international data on pediatric and adolescent sport-related concussions. Drawing on the most recent research into the pathophysiology of brain concussions, the authors identify and discuss “pain points” associated with SRC, i.e. unsolved problems of diagnostic criteria, the use of modern neuroimaging modalities and promising biomarkers. Special attention is paid to the physiology of children and adolescents and predisposing factors important for developing adequate diagnostic and management strategies. The authors formulate problems that need to be solved in order to improve care for young athletes with brain concussions.
This paper reviews publications covering the delayed clinical and functional manifestations of SARS-CoV2 among athletes competing at national and international levels; we describe the prevalence of multiorgan failure associated with protracted COVID as registered in sportsmen and people not going in for sports. The review reports the results of a retrospective analysis of data yielded from clinical, instrumental and laboratory tests undertaken by the Russian national team athletes that had COVID-19. We highlight the most informative indicators that reflect the condition of sportsmen with protracted coronavirus infection course, define the approaches making resumption of active training safe and compile the list of the most significant criteria supporting admission to such training and competitions. Lastly, the paper presents the parameters subject to inclusion in the prognostic model (binary logistic regression) describing the dynamics of residual multiorgan failure in athletes, including minors, who have had COVID-19 or viral pneumonia of a different etiology.
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