As the most efficient market with a mitigation instrument basis, carbon tax is highly recommended by economists and international organizations. This paper examines the impact of implementing carbon tax policy on value of change in GDP, GDP Quantity Index, Government Household Demand, Private Household Demand, and CO2 emission effects in Indonesia by using the dynamic energy Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. This study used GTAP-E that was part of GTAP 9 in 2011. GTAP-E consists of 140 countries and 57 sectors aggregated into eleven regions and eight sectors. There were three scenarios of carbon tax used in this paper that were China, Singapore, and India.
As the most efficient market with a mitigation instrument basis, carbon tax is highly recommended by economists and international organizations. This paper examines the impact of implementing carbon tax policy on value of change in GDP, GDP Quantity Index, Government Household Demand, Private Household Demand, and CO2emission effects in Indonesia by using the dynamic energy Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. This study used GTAP-E that was part of GTAP 9 in 2011. GTAP-E consists of 140 countries and 57 sectors aggregated into eleven regions and eight sectors. There were three scenarios of carbon tax used in this paper that were China, Singapore, and India. The result shows that both GDP and GDP index have a negative impact due to the carbon tax of US $20/tCO2, US$ 10/tCO2, and US $1.60/t CO2. The greater the application of the carbon tax is, the greater the decrease of values of GDP, Government Household Demand, Private Household Demand towards carbon tax policies in Indonesia are. The negative impact of carbon tax is greater for the Private Household Demand that is indicated by all commodities except crude oil has decreasing demand from baseline scenario (no tax). While in the Government Household Demand, agriculture sector, crude oil, refined oil product, and other industries, carbon tax has a positive impact. In the environmental facet, if the carbon tax in Indonesia is implemented in accordance with the above simulation, then it appears that carbon tax can reduce emissions of CO2.
This Collaborative Classroom Action Research aimed at enhancing students’ speaking skill through the application of Circle Game. It was conducted in one cycle consisting of two meetings. The subject was the seventh of C class of SMPN 2 Alas Barat consisting of 22 students. The types of data were qualitative (acquiring observation during the learning process) and quantitative (speaking tests). The results qualitatively showed that the implementation of Circle Game enhanced the students’ speaking skills. Such improvement could be seen from their enthusiasm, their interesting feeling in various materials presented by the teacher, their active involvement. In the quantitative findings, the result also showed a higher value of the mean score of the post-test (77.34) rather than the pre-test (75.75). In conclusion, the use of Circle Game can improve students’ speaking skill.
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh metode jarimatika terhadap kemampuan menghitung cepat pada siswa kelas III SD Inpres Rumpiah Kabupaten Barru. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan desain penelitian Pre-Experimental One Group Pretest-Posttest, yaitu memberi tes sebelum adanya perlakuan, kemudian memberi tes setelah adanya perlakuan dengan menggunakan metode jarimatika. Sampel penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas III sebanyak 10 orang. Penelitian dilaksanakan sebanyak 6 kali pertemuan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik tes dan observasi yang dianalisis dengan statistik deskriptif. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis juga menggunakan rumus uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan metode jarimatika siswa lebih cepat menyelesaikan operasi menghitung tanpa perlu menggunakan coretan di buku tulis cukup dengan jari-jari tangan dan dengan gerakan jari tangan dapat menarik perhatian siswa sehingga siswa tidak cepat bosan. Dapat dilihat berdasarkan hasil analisis uji t diperoleh harga = 18,447 dan = 1,833 dengan rata-rata waktu yang digunakan siswa dalam mengerjakan soal pretest 67 menit (kriteria kurang cepat) dan setelah diberi perlakuan rata-rata waktu yang digunakan dalam mengerjakan soal posttest 45 menit (kriteria cepat). Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif antara metode jarimatika terhadap kemampuan menghitung cepat siswa kelas III SD Inpres Rumpiah Kabupaten Barru.
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