Moong grains (MG) were germinated for the different time period (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days) and the effect of germination time on the quality of MG flour was determined. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in nutritional composition, functional properties, and antioxidant activity of MG flour was observed upon germination. In comparison to control samples, increase in protein content (27.94–35.80 g/100g), the total color difference (15.56–22.18), total phenolic content (2.31–6.84 GAE/100g), and total flavonoid content (3.82–9.35 QE/100g) occurred upon the germination. Functional properties such as WAC and OAC also increased from 1.61–3.48 g/g and 0.92–1.38 g/g, respectively, with the increase in germination time. The initial, mid, and end temperature of gelatinization decreased from 87.90 to 67.90°C, 88.00 to 98.30°C, and 88.20 to 68.70°C, respectively. Germination led to the reduction in pasting temperature and pasting viscosity of flour thereby reducing the cooking time. Principal component analysis bi‐plot also demonstrated the variability in different properties of flour with respect to germination time. Practical applications Germination of food grain is a traditional practice to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrient. Germination time is an important factor affecting the physicochemical, functional, pasting, and antioxidant properties of MG. The present study will provide cumulative information for the selection of industrial and household germination process time for the desired quality end products.

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The present study was undertaken to identify the differences in sperm kinematics between buffalo bulls with different fertility ratings. Murrah buffalo bulls (n=9) that were routinely used for breeding purpose under progeny testing programme were utilized for the study. Bull fertility was determined based on in vivo fertility trials and the conception rates (CR) were adjusted for different non-genetic parameters. Based on the adjusted CR, bulls were classified into high, medium and low fertile group. Frozen semen samples of these bulls were obtained and sperm kinematic parameters were assessed using a computer assisted sperm analyzer. The kinematic parameters analyzed included the curvilinear velocity (VCL), the linear velocity (VSL), the average path velocity (VAP), the amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), the linearity (LIN), the straightness coefficient (STR) and the beat cross frequency (BCF). In high fertile bulls, the proportion of motile spermatozoa was higher (p<0.001) than the medium and low fertile bulls. The VAP and VCL of sperm motion were significantly higher (P<0.05) in high fertile bulls compared to either medium or low fertile bulls. The VSL was significantly lower in low fertile bulls (P<0.005) compared to either high or medium fertile bulls. Spermatozoa from high fertile bulls had significantly higher (P<0.05) BCF, STR, ALH and LIN compared to either medium or low fertile bulls. Buffalo bull fertility was significantly and positively correlated with sperm motility, VAP, VSL, VCL and ALH.

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