The spent bleaching earth from the palm oil refining industries contains various contaminants, including free fatty acids and hazardous material. The conventional procedure is harmful to the environment. In this study, spent bleaching earth (SBE) was successfully regenerated by calcination and acid-activation process. The calcination process was performed at 500, 600 and 700°C for 2, 3 and 4 h. All samples were then mixed with CaCO3 and lastly activated with aqueous acid. The results showed the SBE color restored at calcination temperature higher than 500°C, even though the decomposition of the volatile compound was removed at 680°C according to thermal gravimetric analysis. Treatment affected the clay structure and mostly removed the impregnated organic matter. The primary phase of regenerated SBE is similar to virgin bleaching earth (VBE), implying the calcination and acid-activation is not alter the phase. Moreover, the adsorbent capacity of regenerated SBE was comparable with VBE, showing the regenerated SBE has promising potential for many applications, in particular for the palm oil refining industry. Regenerated SBE gave significantly larger specific surface area, microporous surface area and total pore volume with smaller the average pore diameter.
Childbirth is a process of expulsion from the conception (fetus and placenta) which is quite months or can live outside the womb through the birth canal or through other ways, using the assistance or without assistance (strength alone or spontaneous). Pelvic rocking can help the mother in an upright position, staying upright when in labor will allow the uterus to work as efficiently as possible by making the pelvic plane wider and open. Other physiological efforts besides moving pelvic rocking are gym ball exercises. A physical therapy ball that helps with labor and can be used in various positions. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the effectiveness of pelvic rocking and gym ball exercise for a long time I. This type of research is a quasi experiment using Post test only nonequivalent control group design, there were 30 respondent categoriezed into an intervention group (n=15) pelvic rocking and birth ball exercise (n=15). There is a difference in the effectiveness of pelvic rocking and gym ball exercise against the length of time I (P-value 0. 023). Pelvic rocking and gym ball exercise can accelerate the duration of labor in the first stage.
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