<p>Presence of insects in agricultural habitat is affected by several factors such as natural habitat. The objective of this research was to study the effect of natural habitat on diversity and abundance of flower-visiting insects in cucumber fields. Ecological observation was conducted in 12 cucumbers fields located in regencies of Bogor, Cianjur, and Sukabumi, West Java. Cucumber fields were categorized in two different distant form natural habitat i.e. near natural habitat (less than 200 m) and far from natural habitats (more than 1000 m). The observations of flower-visiting insects in cucumber fields were conducted by counting the number of flower-visiting insects that perched within 100 flowers in four different transects. The result showed that the presence of natural habitat affected species richness but not the abundance of flower-visiting insects in cucumber field. The dominant species of flower-visiting insects in cucumber fields were Aphis sp., Tapinoma sp. and Thrips parvispinus Karny, while the most dominant pollinator was Apis cerana Fabricius. The distance of natural habitat from farmland affected the presence of flower-visiting insects especially pollinator insects that provide important services on enhancing crop yield.</p>
ABSTRAKParasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) didatangkan ke Indonesia pada awal tahun 2014 untuk mengendalikan kutu putih singkong, Phenacoccus manihoti MatileFerrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari laju enkapsulasi parasitoid A. lopezi oleh berbagai instar P. manihoti. Pengamatan laju enkapsulasi dilakukan dengan memaparkan seekor parasitoid betina yang telah kawin pada kutu putih nimfa-1, -2, -3, dan imago didalam tabung mika selama 24 jam. Kutu putih kemudian dibedah dan diamati banyaknya telur parasitoid yang diletakkan serta yang terenkapsulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan laju enkapsulasi agregat paling tinggi dilakukan oleh imago, yaitu 8,4%, diikuti oleh nimfa-3 (5,8%), nimfa-2 (3,1%), dan nimfa-1 (1,1%). Laju enkapsulasi efektif oleh imago 2,0%, sedangkan oleh nimfa sekitar 1,0%. Laju enkapsulasi yang rendah ini diyakini tidak akan mengurangi keefektifan parasitoid A. lopezi dalam pengendalian hayati kutu putih singkong P. manihoti di Indonesia.Kata kunci: Anagyrus lopezi, enkapsulasi, kutu putih singkong, parasitoid, Phenacoccus manihoti ABSTRACT Parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced into Indonesia in early 2014 to control the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). The objective of study was to determine encapsulation rate of parasitoid A. lopezi by various host instars of P. manihoti. Observation of encapsulation rate was made by exposing a single mated female of parasitoid on mealybug nymph-1, -2, -3, and adult in a plastic cage for 24 h. Mealybugs then were dissected and number of parasitoid eggs laid and those encapsulated were counted. Study revealed that rate of aggregate encapsulation was highest (8.4%) by adults, followed by nymph-3 (5.8%), nymph-2 (3.1%), and nymph-1 (1.1%). Rate of effective encapsulation by adults was 2.0%, whereas by nymphs about 1.0%. The low rate of encapsulation is believed not to reduce the effectiveness of parasitoid A. lopezi in the biological control of cassava mealybug P. manihoti in Indonesia.
Abstract. Yuliadhi KA, Supartha IW, Wijaya IN, Pudjianto, Nurmansyah A, Susila IW, Yudha IKW, Utama IWEK, Wiradana PA. 2021. Short communication: The preference and functional response of Sycanus aurantiacus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) on three prey types in laboratory conditions. Biodiversitas 22: 5662-5667. Sycanus aurantiacus Ishikawa et Okajima (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) is a valuable predatory insect that can be cultivated in biological pest control programs, particularly in vegetable crops. The research aimed to investigate the preferences and functional responses of the predator Sycanus aurantiacus to three different prey species in the laboratory conditions, included Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus), Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius), and Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus). The preference experiment was carried out by monitoring the prey on which S. aurantiacus preyed the most. The functional responsiveness of S. aurantiacus was determined by measuring the time it took to detect and prey on various kinds of prey, as well as the number of prey that were successfully preyed upon when the quantity of prey was increased. The predatory S. aurantiacus preferred P. xylostella over C. pavonana and T. molitor. S. aurantiacus functional response to three kinds of prey, including type II, is shown. In P. xylostella, the instantaneous prey search rate (a) was 0.2/hour, with a handling time (Th) of 1 hour 40 minutes/prey, which was quicker than the other two kinds of prey. As a result of our findings, the predator S. aurantiacus can be maintained in the lab and has the potential to be developed as an efficient biocontrol agent, particularly against the cabbage leaf caterpillar P. xylostella.
ABSTRAKParasitoid telur, Scelio pembertoni Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), merupakan endoparasitoid obligat pada telur Acrididae. Inang yang sering diparasitisasi oleh S. pembertoni ialah telur Oxya japonica (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan stadia larva, lama hidup, dan keperidian, serta preferensi imago S. pembertoni terhadap umur telur inang yang berbeda. S. pembertoni diperoleh dari telur O. japonica yang diambil dari pertanaman talas dan talas liar di wilayah Bogor. Fase perkembangan S. pembertoni terdiri atas telur, stadia larva instar satu dan instar dua, stadia prapupa dan pupa, dan stadia imago. Larva instar satu bertipe teleaform dan berwarna putih transparan. Larva instar dua bertipe hymenopteriform dan berwarna putih transparan. Stadia pradewasa S. pembertoni di laboratorium berkisar antara 27-33 hari, dengan periode perkembangan telur, stadia instar satu, instar dua, prapupa, dan pupa ialah 1, 80, 4,95, 4,25, 5,40, dan 12,85 hari untuk masing-masing stadia. Lama hidup betina adalah 7-17 hari, sedangkan lama hidup jantan adalah 3-11 hari. Rata-rata keperidian betina ialah 29,53 butir telur. Nisbah kelamin (jantan terhadap betina) S. pembertoni selama penelitian di laboratorium adalah 1 : 3,19. Tingkat parasitisasi dan jumlah keturunan yang dihasilkan oleh S. pembertoni lebih tinggi pada telur berumur muda daripada umur telur inang yang lebih tua. Kata kunci: belalang, parasitoid, siklus hidup, talas ABSTRACTThe egg parasitoid, Scelio pembertoni Timberlake (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), is an obligate endoparasitoid of Acrididae. One of the hosts of S. pembertoni is the eggs of Oxya japonica (Thunberg) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). The objectives of this research were to determine the development stage of S. pembertoni, longevity and fecundity, and the preference of S. pembertoni against different host age. S. pembertoni were collected from O. japonica eggs taken from cultivated and wild taro fields in Bogor area. The life cycle of S. pembertoni consisted of egg stage, first and second instar larval stage, prepupal and pupal stage, and adult stage. The first instar larva was teleaform and transparent white. The second instar larva was hymenopteriform and transparent white. The immature stage of S. pembertoni lasted within 27-33 days under laboratory condition, and was consisted of egg development period, first instar stage, second instar stage, pre-pupal stage, and pupal stage was 1. 8, 4.95, 4.25, 5.40, and 12.85, respectively. Longevity of the adult females was 7-17 days, and longevity of the male adults was 3-11 days. The average fecundity of the females was 29.53 eggs. The sex ratio (male to female) of S. pembertoni during observation in the laboratory was 1 : 3.19. The parasitisation level and the number of offsprings produced by S. pembertoni was higher on younger host eggs than the older ones.
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