This study aimed to determine the online learning process and the associated obstacles experienced by students. With the background of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic outbreak, this study sought to uncover what social constructions the students engage in related to the new policy for online learning that has recently been enforced by the Indonesian government. A quantitative study was conducted with a descriptive research approach. There were 274 college student respondents from Madura, Indonesia. This study found that not all of the students prefer online learning, inclusive of expressing their disapproval that online learning is effective. Social, economic and cultural factors are important indicators that online learning has not been able to be effectively carried out in a number of regions in Indonesia. Rural communities are not ready to welcome the latest learning methods and they are still comfortable using conventional methods. Online learning on Madura Island is not only constrained by technical problems and facilities but also by the human resources that need to be encouraged to accept the latest learning models. Students consider this learning model to not be beneficial due to the presence of several obstacles, including the geographical area. This is because rural areas make it difficult to access the internet. They also have to buy an internet quota. Internet access in some applications requires a large quota so this becomes problem for some students, especially for those who come from lower-middle income families. Therefore the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure as well as the facilitated internet access among rural communities, financial assistance and the socialisation of the importance of online learning is necessary.

Anarchism and other forms of violence committed by religious groups and mass organizations are still very common in Indonesia. There have been violations of human rights, religious freedom and civil liberties, which are essential pillars of democracy. Indonesia, as a country that adheres to religious freedom regards all forms of intolerance as violations of democracy. This study described and explored the views of young cadres of Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) in Malang, East Java, about democracy, pluralism and tolerance. This research intended to unravel some of the issues of how young generations of Muhammadiyah and NU understand democracy, pluralism and tolerance and if their views are associated with their social construction. This study employed qualitative methods using interviews and direct observations to collect the data. The results of this study showed there were differences in the patterns between the younger generation and the older generation of Muhammadiyah. The members of Muhammadiyah recognized that the young cadres of Muhammadiyah tended to act more violently towards intolerant mass organizations compared to their senior (old cadre) generation. The senior cadres, such as the Muhammadiyah Youth, were more likely to be calm when responding to the presence of radical organizations. The senior cadres of Muhammadiyah tended to be open-minded with the community organizations that are perceived by the public to be a radical mass organization, which is fundamental in addressing the presence of radical organizations. This view indicated by the absence sense of precariousness or a situation that is considered to be very threatening to religious and national life while still in the corridor of diversity. On the other hand, the younger generation of Nahdlatul Ulama showed a different pattern, revealing that their seniors tended to be harsher in responding to radical organizations and supporting mass organizations.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) challenged educators, especially female teachers, as they shouldered the double burden of being both teachers and spouses. This study articulates the online teaching experiences of Indonesian women that work as elementary school teachers. Moreover, the study explores strategies implemented by these teachers to overcome this career-family dichotomy. Carried out in Indonesia’s East Java province, this descriptive mixed method study surveyed 347 married female teachers, 212 of which have school-aged children. Results showed that home-based online teaching created additional burdens for female teacher and they experienced workload resulting from this dual role, further emphasized by the expectation of domestic duties that are primarily enforced on women. Several strategies, including time management, involving their husbands in domestic chores — that strengthened their social support —, and simultaneously teaching their own children along with their students, were implemented. Therefore, couple’s negotiations regarding role division are needed to achieve gender equality within familial structures.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the social and economic sectors. Family, the smallest social unit, is experiencing the impact, particularly for the woman as single-parent. Being a single parent is either a choice, decision, or condition that must be accepted due to the spouse’s passing or other condition. Single parents carried numerous burdens alone, including earning a living and raising the children. These burdens have a significant impact on single parents. This study aims to reveal single-parent families’ survival mechanisms. The research applied a qualitative method by interviewing single mothers from university students in East Java Province, Indonesia. This study used the theory of survival mechanism proposed by James Scott. The study found that instabilities generated by the COVID-19 pandemic produced enormous diminishing income. Such ordeals faced by single parents are burdensome because they initially had to support the family amid the feeble economy. Income vulnerability becomes a deep concern for single mothers. Pandemic COVID-19 caused these mothers to empower themselves and develop various survival strategies. The mothers from middle-class families live frugally and selective when they buy something they need. While mothers from lower-class families did different survival mechanisms, range from careful spending, owe some money, and open a business using their ex-husband’s savings. Furthermore, they are also working overtime, empowering their children to help with the work, diversifying jobs by opening food stalls up to have an online shop. Therefore, it can be assumed that the COVID-19 pandemic has made single parents struggle even more to fulfil their family needs.

This research departs from various issues related to the definition of literature which always raises debates and dissatisfaction with the existing definition. Literature as national identity also raises debates. Those two reasons had, directly and indirectly, influenced the development of Keywords: Indonesian literature, literary maps, character, national identity AbstrakPenelitian ini berangkat dari berbagai persoalan yang berkaitan dengan pengertian sastra yang hingga saat ini selalu menjadi bahan pembicaraan dan ketidakpuasan terhadap pengertian yang sudah ada. Di samping itu, keberadaan sastra sebagai identitas kebangsaan juga menjadi perdebatan. Dua hal tersebut, secara langsung maupun tidak sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan peta sastra Indonesia. Bagaimanakah bentuk dan keberadaan peta sastra Indonesia dari masa ke masa juga harus diperjelas sehingga memperjelas perkembangan sastra Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) penyusunan peta sastra Indonesia yang memaparkan perkembangan sastra Indonesia dari masa ke masa; dan (2) sastra sebagai identitas kebangsaan yang berkarakter. Untuk mengkaji hal-hal di atas, digunakan beberapa teori dan konsep yang dikemukakan beberapa ahli sastra. Di samping itu, untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan pengamatan (observasi) dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan teknik deskripsi dan isi (content analysis). Temuan pokok dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya pengaruh perkembangan sastra Indonesia melalui penelusuran jejak sastra Indonesia terhadap pembentukan identitas bangsa yang berkarakter.Kata kunci: sastra Indonesia, peta sastra, karakter, identitas bangsa PendahuluanPersoalan peta sastra Indonesia tidak dapat dilepaskan dengan sejarah, baik sejarah bangsa maupun sejarah sastra Indonesia. Sejarah kebangkitan bangsa Indonesia berawal pada abad ke-20 dengan berdirinya Boedi Oetomo sebagai tonggak munculnya kesadaran untuk berorganisasi sebagai usaha membebaskan diri dari cengkeraman penjajah. Organisasi Boedi Oetomo memunculkan nasionalisme untuk menghilangkan perbedaan-perbedaan yang disebabkan oleh perbedaan ideologi, kebudayaan, sosial kemasyarakatan, adat-istiadat, dan kepentingan pribadi atau golongan. Kesadaran itulah yang kemudian melahirkan Sumpah Pemuda, 28 Oktober 1928. Perkembangan tersebut, diikuti pula oleh perkembangan sastra Indonesia sehingga pada tahun 20-an banyak karya sastra yang lahir, terutama berbentuk roman. Begitu halnya pada perkembangan selanjutnya, warna sastra dapat diidentikkan 121