Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major causes of skin and soft tissue infections. In this study we compared the antimicrobial activity of two different TiO2 nanoformulations against Staphylococcus aureus. We synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles of approximately 80 nm diameter and TiO2 nanowires of approximately 100 nm diameter. Both nanoformulations possess anti-microbial activity; were non-hemolytic and cytocompatible. However, the anti-staphylococcal activity of TiO2 nanowires was better than the nanoparticles. In broth culture, growth of S. aureus was only partially inhibited by 2% and 4 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles and completely inhibited by TiO2 nanowires till 24 h. TiO2 nanowires treated S. aureus cells exhibits diminished membrane potential than nanoparticle treated cells. The anti-microbial properties of both TiO2 nanoformulations were validated using ex vivo porcine skin model which supplements the in vitro assays. Anti-bacterial activity of the TiO2 nanowires were also validated against multi drug resistant pathogenic strains of S. aureus, showing the clinical potency of the TiO2 nanowires compared to its nanoparticles.
Munshi Premchand, the pen name of Dhanpat Rai Srivastav was an Indian writer famous for his writings in modern Hindustani Literature. He was known to be a founding father of social-based fiction in Hindi and Urdu. His writings were about socio-economic conflict that prevailed in Indian Subcontinent during his period. This paper focuses on double marginalization and power politics that exist in Premchand’s Thakur’s Well. Marginalization is a theory about an individual or a group of people who were pushed to the edge and ignored or relegated by dominated aristocratic individual or group. It also discussed how the female protogonist doubly marginalized based on Caste-based discrimination and gender bias that dwell in India. Power Politic is a term used to describe the people of higher classs and financially well-to-do people superintendence over vulnerable and proletariat people. The terms double marginalization and power politics has a unique and vital accommodation in this story Premchand’s Thakur’s Well.
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