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Over the past few decades, heavy metal contamination in soil and water has increased due to anthropogenic activities. The higher exposure of crop plants to heavy metal stress reduces growth and yield, and affect the sustainability of agricultural production. In this regard, the use of silicon (Si) supplementation offers a promising prospect since numerous studies have reported the beneficial role of Si in mitigating stresses imposed by biotic as well as abiotic factors including heavy metal stress. The fundamental mechanisms involved in the Si-mediated heavy metal stress tolerance include reduction of metal ions in soil substrate, co-precipitation of toxic metals, metal-transport related gene regulation, chelation, stimulation of antioxidants, compartmentation of metal ions, and structural alterations in plants. Exogenous application of Si has been well documented to increase heavy metal tolerance in numerous plant species. The beneficial effects of Si are particularly evident in plants able to accumulate high levels of Si. Consequently, to enhance metal tolerance in plants, the inherent genetic potential for Si uptake should be improved. In the present review, we have discussed the potential role and mechanisms involved in the Si-mediated alleviation of metal toxicity as well as different approaches for enhancing Si-derived benefits in crop plants.

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This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. amorphous NiPO 4 and a minor product of nickel (II) hydroxide (β-NiOOH). During subsequent reduction, lithium ions are not fully intercalated, however, the structure is reversible and adequate for multiple cycles. The high potential in LiNiPO 4 looks to be very attractive in terms of high energy density, given the efficiency is improved.

6Determination of inorganic phosphate is of very high importance in environmental and health 7 care applications. Hence knowledge of suitable analytical techniques available for phosphate sensing 8 for different applications becomes essential. Electrochemical methods for determining inorganic 9 phosphate have several advantages over other common techniques, including detection selectivity, 10 stability and relative environmental insensitivity of electroactive labels. The different electrochemical 11 sensing strategies adopted for the determination of phosphate using selective ionophores are 12 discussed in this review. The various sensing strategies are classified based on the electrochemical 13 detection techniques used viz., potentiometry, voltammetry, amperometry ,unconventional 14 electrochemical methods etc., The enzymatic sensing of phosphate coupled with electrochemical 15 detection is also included. Various electroanalytical methods available in the literature are assessed 16 for their merits in terms of selectivity, simplicity, miniaturisation, adaptability and suitability for field 17 measurements. 18

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