Determination of inorganic phosphate by electroanalytical methods: A review

Abstract

6Determination of inorganic phosphate is of very high importance in environmental and health 7 care applications. Hence knowledge of suitable analytical techniques available for phosphate sensing 8 for different applications becomes essential. Electrochemical methods for determining inorganic 9 phosphate have several advantages over other common techniques, including detection selectivity, 10 stability and relative environmental insensitivity of electroactive labels. The different electrochemical 11 sensing strategies adopted for the determination of phosphate using selective ionophores are 12 discussed in this review. The various sensing strategies are classified based on the electrochemical 13 detection techniques used viz., potentiometry, voltammetry, amperometry ,unconventional 14 electrochemical methods etc., The enzymatic sensing of phosphate coupled with electrochemical 15 detection is also included. Various electroanalytical methods available in the literature are assessed 16 for their merits in terms of selectivity, simplicity, miniaturisation, adaptability and suitability for field 17 measurements. 18

Aerosol Hygroscopic Growth as a New Factor for Trace and Ultra-Trace Determination of Phosphorous in Flame Containing Optical Trapping-Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy

“…Concentration fluctuations of salivary phosphate have been investigated as indicators of ovulation of women, uremic state, and risk of development of dental caries and formation of dental calculus [7]. All the mentioned information clearly shows that, analysis of phosphorous is considered as a biomarker for different diagnostic tests [5].…”

“…According to the literature review, concentration of phosphorous often varies between 0.2-10.0 mg L −1 in natural and wastewater samples and in the range of 0.2 to 50 mg kg −1 in soil [5]. In addition, maximum permissible concentration of phosphorous species in river and wastewater samples is estimated to be between 0.32 × 10 −6 and 0.143 × 10 −3 mol L −1 , respectively [5].…”

“…In a clinical setting, phosphate level in serum is determined as part of a routine blood analysis [5]. Also knowledge about phosphorous level in the body fluids can provide useful information about several diseases such as hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, and Fanconi syndrome [6].…”

“…Also control of the quantity of phosphorous in fertilizers leads to an excessive growth (eutrophication) of aquatic plants and algae that disrupts aquatic life cycles [4]. Based on the perspective of biology, phosphorous species such as phosphate anion is considered as one of the most important electrolytes that plays role as an essential component in all living organisms [5].…”

“…Phosphorous also has major role in biological processes such as in the structure of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and also during control of pH in blood or lymph fluid [5]. In a clinical setting, phosphate level in serum is determined as part of a routine blood analysis [5].…”