This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study, conducted on a series of woven and non-woven fabric samples from different materials (cotton, polyester, and polyamide) and 14 three-layer systems of textile materials, used for production of outerwear clothing for protection from cold. Heat and mass transfer properties, related to the thermophysiological comfort of the outerwear clothing, namely conductive thermal resistance, water vapor resistance, relative water vapor permeability, air permeability, accumulative one-way transport of liquids, and overall moisture management capacity, were determined for the system of layers and the compound single layers. The transfer properties of the single layers were presented as a function of their thickness, mass per unit area, and areal porosity. The transfer properties of the system of layers were presented as a function of the thickness, mass per unit area, and bulk density of the systems. Regression analysis was applied to derive regression equations. The results obtained allowed assessment of the existence and trend of the influence, as well as evaluation of the strength of the dependences.
In the production of body armor panels, multilayer aramid fabrics are normally used. A main problem of these panels is the high weight and consequential lower comfort for the wearer. In a recent survey it was shown that most officers in the United States would prefer an improved comfort and also reduced weight in their ballistic vests. To reduce layers with a concomitance of the same safety standards, the panel has to be improved. One solution is to reduce the slippage of the yarns during the penetration of the knife and with this to increase the absorbed impact energy. The tests showed that the placement of a layer of wool fabric on the top of the aramid panel changes the penetration behavior. The main goal of this work is the investigation of the influence of the woven wool structure over the penetration of aramid panels. For this investigation, the stab resistance of five aramid fabrics with different properties and patterns combined with one layer of wool on the top and bottom of the panel has been tested and compared against pure aramid panels, according to the VPAM test instruction “Stab- and Impact Protection”. In addition, an optical evaluation of the stab tests has been done using a high-speed camera. Also, the stab recess in the aramid layers was evaluated optically, using a digital microscope. The experimental results confirm that wool can increase the stab resistance of body armor panels, but results are dependent on the properties and pattern of the aramid fabrics, too.
This paper deals with performance properties related to human thermo-physiological comfort of three-layer textile systems used for the production of outerwear for cold protection. The transfer of heat and fluids through the compound single layers (woven and non-woven) is investigated and compared to the heat and mass transfer of the systems for clothing. Six characteristics are measured for both single layers and systems of layers: thermal resistance, air permeability, water vapor resistance, relative water vapor permeability, the accumulative one-way transport index and overall moisture management capacity. For each of the characteristics, regression analysis is applied to prove or reject the proposed mathematical dependencies between the transfer abilities of the single layers and the respective systems. The results obtained showed that the fluid transfer abilities of the single layers applied in clothing for cold protection strongly affect the fluid transfer ability of the system of layers, while the heat transfer of the system is dominated by the heat transfer ability of the thermo-insulating layer. The proposed approach for assessment of the transfer processes through a system of layers for the production of outerwear for cold protection could be successfully applied in the design of other textile and clothing items, produced by using systems of different textile layers.
Results are presented from a study on the prediction of the insulation abilities of outerwear clothing for cold protection from the point of view of the thermophysiological comfort of the wearer. The Required Clothing Insulation (IREQ) index is used to simulate the abilities of 14 assemblies of layers designed for the production of winter jackets to protect the body in different cold environments. The calculations allow to assess the limits of applicability of the garments in terms of the thermophysiological comfort assured, the activities performed and the weather conditions. Discussions are presented on the correspondence between ISO11079:2007 and the online JavaScript code for calculation of IREQ based on it. The results predicted and their analysis have a practical use, as they allow to estimate the cold protection effectiveness of the textile layers used in an assembly at the design stage, thusgiving room for necessary changes depending on the conditions of its use.
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