No abstract

In this study, several neuropeptides were identified by immunohistochemistry in neuroendocrine cells (NEC) located in the gut epithelium and nerve cell bodies of the enteric nervous system of pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis, a species that is a promising candidate for intensive aquaculture. The neuropeptides involved in orexigenic or anorexigenic action, i.e. gastrin, cholecystokinin-8, neuropeptide Y and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), displayed a significantly higher number of immunoreactive NECs in the anterior intestine, suggesting that this region of the gut plays an important role in the peripheral control of food intake. On the other hand, leu-enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), both associated with the modulation of the enteric immune system, showed no significant variations in the mean value of immunopositive NECs between the anterior and posterior intestine. This may indicate that their activity is required at a similar level along the entire gut. In addition, CGRP and VIP-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibres were observed in the myenteric plexus, which might exert synergistic effects with the neuropeptides immunolocalized in NECs.

Whether bovine haemal nodes are involved in turnover of red blood cells has been a subject of some controversy. In this study, fluorescent and conventional optical microscopy of conventionally or immunohistochemically stained node sections, together with transmission electron microscopy, showed the presence of erythrocyte precursors and megakaryocytes, and evidence of active involvement in the destruction and replacement of old or degenerate red cells and the platelets.

The bovine haemal nodes are lymphatic organs located in the haemal circulation. Their parenchyma is represented by plasma cells, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes. The T helper type 2 (Th2) CD4 lymphocyte can be found within the T lymphocytes. The activated Th2 CD4 lymphocyte produces interleukin-4 (IL-4), a peptidic hormone involved in the acute-phase immune response. This interleukin can promote either B-lymphocyte differentiation and T-lymphocyte proliferation or it can promote the type of immunoglobulin that can be liberated. Our results have shown, by immunostaining with anti-IL-4, not only the presence and localization of these lymphocytes in bovine haemal nodes but also the participation of polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils) in the storage of IL-4. These results give value to the humoral and cellular immunological importance of haemal nodes in bovines and they can serve as a contribution to determine the cross-reactivity of bovine IL-4 with the human anti-serum used in this work.

The bovine haemal nodes are lymphatic organs with haemal circulation. The blood circulates inside of them through virtual cavities named sinuses. In these sinuses there is passage of cells and particulate materials from parenchyma to sinuses and vice versa. For this passage temporal overtures exist in the sinus walls. The sinus wall is composed of endothelial cells, basal membrane and reticular cells. Our results have demonstrated that type IV collagen was one of the basal membrane constituents in bovine haemal nodes and by this constitution a dynamic equilibrium of the sinus walls was permitted.

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a relação entre comportamentos de cidadania organizacional, suporte organizacional e percepção de bem-estar no trabalho para funcionários de organizações públicas. Para isto, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa-descritiva do tipo survey com 195 funcionários de prefeituras. As análises confirmaram as hipóteses da influência do suporte organizacional na percepção de cidadania e da influência dos comportamentos de cidadania no bem-estar no trabalho. Constatou-se também que o suporte organizacional é um mediador da relação entre cidadania e bem-estar, reforçando a interrelação entre aspectos subjetivos e organizacionais para o surgimento de ações de cidadania nas organizações públicas.

RESUMOO presente artigo é uma revisão bibliográfica que objetiva relacionar os temas: habilidades sociais, família e abuso de drogas. Para a realização da pesquisa foi feita uma busca nas bases de dados Scielo, Pepsic e BVS, bem como consultados livros referentes à temática abordada. Pode-se dizer que em todos os tempos e civilizações o abuso de drogas esteve presente, sendo assim, não se pode pensar em uma sociedade sem drogas em função da busca pelos efeitos múltiplos que as substâncias podem proporcionar aos indivíduos, entre eles, a luta contra algum sofrimento decorrente de relações insatisfatórias. Neste contexto, a família se torna extremamente importante, visto que as relações familiares necessitam de competências interpessoais de seus membros para que desenvolvam convivências satisfatórias, oferecendo um ambiente de proteção diante de eventos ameaçadores. Palavras-Chave: Habilidades sociais, drogas, família. SOCIAL SKILLS AND DRUG ABUSE IN THE FAMILY CONTEXT ABSTRACTThis article is a literature review that aims to relate the themes: social skills, family, and drugs abuse. To carry out de research, a Scielo, Pepsic and BVS database search was made, and books were consulted regarding the theme. It is possible to say that in all times and civilizations drug abuse was present, so you can not think of a drug-free society because of the search for multiple effects that substances may provide individuals, among them the fight against some suffering caused by unsatisfactory relationships. In this context, family is extremely important, since family relationships require interpersonal skills of members to develop satisfactory cohabitation, offering a protective environment in front of threatening events.

Haemal nodes are capsulated, lymphoid organs with haemal circulation. Their parenchyma is distributed in primary and secondary lymphatic nodes in the cortical and medullar zones. In these zones the lymphatic tissue may adopt a cord-like shape and it is composed by plasma cell, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes. Blood circulates through the sinuses situated underneath the capsule, around the trabeculae and in the marrow.