El café (Coffea arabica L.) es un cultivo muy importante para el desarrollo del centro y sur de México: 70% del área cultivada se encuentra bajo manejo tradicional. Por la relevancia de estos agroecosistemas el objetivo fue identificar prácticas agroecológicas (PA) y su influencia en la fertilidad del suelo en sistemas de café de Xolotla, Puebla. Para identificar PA se aplicó una encuesta a 79 productores; para determinar la fertilidad del suelo se realizaron análisis fisicoquímicos con base en la NOM-021-SEMARNAT; además, se analizó la concentración bacteriana total. Se encontró que 71% de las prácticas que se usan en el manejo del cafetal son agroecológicas, tienen relación positiva con el rendimiento y con los contenidos de nitrógeno, potasio y calcio del suelo, así como con la concentración bacteriana del suelo. Se concluye que las PA favorecen el rendimiento y la fertilidad del suelo en el sistema agroforestal café.
The problems and limitations of the control of diseases caused by phytopathogens through the use of fungicides, make the biological control present as an alternative method in the production of tomato plants in greenhouse, which is limited by the incidence of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr., being the most worldwide destructive disease. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of three Mexican strains of the genus Trichoderma against F. oxysporum on the production of tomato seedlings under greenhouse conditions, as well as to determine the antagonistic effect of the strains used. The Trichoderma harzianum strain had the highest antagonistic activity (81.50%) and the highest growth rate (1.25 cm/day), proving to be the most aggressive strain to control F. oxysporum. in addition the results of the interaction of the dual cultures paired, presented a visible overgrowth zone with hyphae of Trichoderma spp. Seeds inoculated with T. harzianum showed a survival of 84% and a mortality of 16%, lower than the control group, which present a mortality of 58%; however, the treatment inoculated with F. oxysporum had the highest incidence of "disease" with 83%, the lowest survival (17%) and a decrease of the green biomass with respect to the control.
<p><strong>Background. </strong>Agroforestry Systems (AFS) are natural resource management practices of peasant families; their importance is due to the various benefits and environmental functions they generate. However, the pressures of agricultural modernity, changes in land use, and climate change are factors that are affecting their structure, functions, and benefits. <strong>Objective.</strong> Determine the degree of peasantity or agroindustry of the AFS of San Andrés Calpan, Puebla, Mexico. <strong>Methodology. </strong>A survey was applied in 2018 to a sample of 81 producers with corn systems interspersed in fruit trees. A peasantity-agroindustry<strong> </strong>index (PAI) was constructed based on eight attributes.<strong> Resultados.</strong> Three groups of producers were formed, according to their PAI: pure, traditional, and semi-traditional peasant. Fisher's test and analysis of variance were applied to determine differences between groups. A PAI of 0.23. By group, 59% of the AFS presented semi-traditional, 22% traditional, and 19% pure peasant characteristics. <strong>Implications. </strong>Indicators showing significant differences were surface area, labor origin, productive energy, productive self-sufficiency, and beliefs.<strong> Conclusion.</strong> The AFS preserve the social, ecological, and economic bases of peasant management.<strong></strong></p>
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