The purpose of this article is to assess the incidence of lingual foramina and associated vasculature in the anterior mandible to improve the understanding of their locations for dental implant placement. Intra-operative bleeding can be a significant complication. Pre-surgical assessment of the surgical site should be performed to identify anatomical landmarks. This can prevent a potential life-threatening haemorrhage that may compromise the airway.  Nutrient canals can occur in the anterior mandible and have been reported to cause significant bleeding if violated. Using cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) this study defines the anatomical locales in the mandible. CBCTs of 70 patients were obtained and examined for the presence of lingual foramina. The distance of lingual foramina to the inferior border of the mandible, bifurcations and propensity for the midline were assessed. Lingual foramina were found in all of the examined mandibles with variable configurations. CBCT may be important in planning for surgical procedures in the anterior mandible to prevent an unexpected hemorrhage. The present study is limited by its sample size, method of assessment and confinement to a geographical population. The results will need validation in further studies which may incorporate multiple assessment techniques and a larger sample size with to include greater geographical distribution. Future work may seek to describe emanations of the terminus of the sublingual artery.

A 29-year-old female patient reported to the dental operatory with the chief complaint of pain in relation to the right lower back tooth region. The pain was sudden in onset and aggravated during mastication. The patient also gave a history of a metal allergy that presented as erythema on wearing artificial jewellery. Clinical examination in relation to teeth #46 and 47 revealed tenderness on percussion. Both teeth were endodontically treated one year prior to presentation and rehabilitated with Porcelain Fused Metal (PFM) crowns with no gingival recession [Table/ Fig-1,2]. Radiographic examination revealed recurrent caries beneath the crowns with mild root resorption and an associated periapical lesion in relation to tooth #46. There was also Grade III furcation involvement of tooth #47 [Table/ Fig-3] Adequate bone height and width were present as verified using CBCT [Table /Fig-4]. The poor prognosis of reendodontic treatment was explained and the patient wanted a more definitive treatment. The teeth were hence decided to be extracted and immediately replaced with one piece zirconia implants.

This review is performed to collect techniques in complete denture fabrication. Simpler methods of complete denture fabrication and technique helps to reduce appointments and offer better compliance to the patients with respect to time, logistic and expenses. The background of this review is the evolution of denture techniques that has led to reduced number of appointments without compromising the outcome and ensures patients' satisfaction with the treatment. The aim of this review is to compile the various techniques in complete denture fabrication.

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