The entire project addresses the issue of mitigating additional intermittency and fast ramps that occur at higher penetration of intermittent resources, including wind generation, in the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and the California Independent System Operator (California ISO) control areas. The proposed Wide Area Energy Storage and Management System (WAEMS) will address the additional regulation requirement through the energy exchange between the participating control areas and through the use of energy storage and other generation resources. For the BPA and California ISO control centers, the new regulation service will look no different comparing with the traditional regulation resources. The proposed project will benefit the regulation service in these service areas, regardless of the actual degree of penetration of the intermittent resources in the regions.The project develops principles, algorithms, market integration rules, functional design and technical specifications for the WAEMS system. The project is sponsored by BPA and supported in kind by California ISO, Beacon Power Corporation, and the California Energy Commission (CEC).This report provides a summary of results obtained in the first phase of the project. These tasks addressed in Phase 1 are as follow:• Evaluate and compare energy storage options. Review the world experience. Identify top three technologies that can meet the needs of this project.• Design and evaluate configurations and integration schemes of the energy storage, generation resources, their combinations, and other options. Identify the most promising configurations and their benefits.• Analyze technical and market compatibility of the proposed integration schemes with the existing regulation and load following systems at BPA and California ISO.• Collect data needed for experiments at BPA and California ISO.• Develop algorithms for the energy storage and generation control. Implement them as MATLAB TM codes.• Conduct experiments using the MATLAB TM model and collected data. v• Carry out the cost benefit analysis based on simulation results.• Provide a summary of results and recommendations to BPA on continuation of the project.The main results obtained in Phase 1 are as follow:• Based on the developed set of selection criteria, an extensive literature review, and an analysis of the worldwide industrial experience, the most suitable energy storage technologies have been identified for the project. They include flywheel energy storage devices (ESDs), pumped or conventional hydro power plants, and sodium sulfur or nickel cadmium batteries.• Using a developed set of requirements and an analysis of various configurations, a preferred WAEMS service architecture has been selected. A configuration with two ESDs was elected as the main variant: an aggregate of a flywheel ESD and a pumped storage (or a conventional hydro power plant). The one-ESD configuration can be also used as a first step toward the two-ESD configuration, or as an alternative architecture. The aggrega...
Abstract-The control-by-price concept fits well with controlling small-scale generation, storage and demand. In this paper, we investigate the required information and communications systems that are needed to realize the control-by-price concept for such units. We first present a proposal for overall infrastructure and subsystem design and secondly focus on the design and implementation of the end-user price-responsive controller, interfaces, and communications. The design and its applicability on existing devices is verified through laboratory tests with two cases: electric space heating thermostat control and a small combined heat and power unit. The results show that the price-responsive controller reduces the end user's electricity cost, or increases his income respectively, by about 7%. At the same time, the price-responsive controller provides an interface for the transmission system operator to utilize distributed energy resources and flexible demand as a regulating resource. Furthermore, the results illustrate and verify the applicability of the concept and the proposed infrastructure for controlling distributed energy resources and flexible demand.
As renewable energy sources increase their penetration, the traditional providers of frequency regulation service, fossil fueled thermal power plants, will be displaced, motivating the search for novel providers such as demandside resources. This paper presents the results of field experiments using demand as a frequency controlled reserve (DFCR) on appliances with programmable thermostats. The experiments conducted showed the response of a population of thermostatically controlled loads acting as normal reserves and disturbance reserves as defined by the Nordic Grid Codes [1]. In addition, industrial pump loads and relay-controlled loads were tested as DFCR. The tests show that a population of refrigerators was able to deliver frequency reserves approximately equal to their average power consumption. Electric space heaters were able to provide frequency reserves of over 90% their maximum power consumption in certain weather conditions.
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