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Objectives Over 50 countries are affected by arsenic contamination. The problem is becoming worse as the number of affected people increases and new sites are reported globally. Content Various human activities have increased arsenic pollution, notably in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Contamination of our water and soil by arsenic poses a threat to our environment and natural resources. Arsenic poisoning harms several physiological systems and may cause cancer and death. Excessive exposure may cause toxic build-up in human and animal tissues. Arsenic-exposed people had different skin lesion shapes and were vulnerable to extra arsenic-induced illness risks. So far, research shows that varying susceptibility plays a role in arsenic-induced diseases. Several studies have revealed that arsenic is a toxin that reduces metabolic activities. Diverse remediation approaches are being developed to control arsenic in surrounding environments. Summary and Outlook A sustainable clean-up technique (nanoremediation) is required to restore natural equilibrium. More research is therefore required to better understand the biogeochemical processes involved in removing arsenic from soils and waters.

Living beings have been devastated by environmental pollution, which has reached its peak. The disastrous pollution of the environment is in large part due to industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants. The widespread use of chromium (Cr (III)/Cr (VI)) in industries, especially tanneries, makes it one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants. Chromium pollution is widespread due to ineffective treatment methods. Bioremediation of chromium (Cr) using bacteria is very thoughtful due to its eco-friendly and cost-effective outcome. In order to counter chromium toxicity, bacteria have numerous mechanisms, such as the ability to absorb, reduce, efflux, or accumulate the metal. In this review article, we focused on chromium toxicity on human and environmental health as well as its bioremediation mechanism.

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India is the second country in tobacco production in the world. Smoking tobacco products included Hookah, Cohutta, Chillum, Chillum, ganja, Beedi, Mava, Cigarettes, and cigar etc. Various types of smokeless tobacco like betel quid, khaini, mishri, snuff, gutkha are used. Fifty percent of them are addicted to smokeless tobacco. Sixty eight smokeless tobacco products were available in 2010; most of them included the risk of cancer warning except for loose tobacco products. Women mostly prefer 8 out of 29 gutkha brands. Out of these 29 gutkha brands, 15 were loose tobacco packets. India is the second-largest tobacco consumer, comprises of 27.5 crore consumers which altogether greater than the population of Western Europe. From among these 27.5 crore consumers, 16.4 crore people are smokeless tobacco in takers, 6.9 crore people are exclusive smokers and 4.2 crore people are both tobacco in takers and exclusive smokers. If we take this data into consideration early mortality of 45 crore people is expected by 2050 worldwide. Female basically are prone to fewer cigarettes per day as compared to males. On the other hand, a cigarette that is consumed by females has lower nicotine content as compared to males. In developing countries, the female population has less prevalence of smoking because the level of employment is low, socio-cultural norms, and health and beauty concerns. According to the estimation by the South East Asia Region (SEAR) in the year 2000 basically from India, we encounter death of about 18% men and about 3% of women due to tobacco. Various policies have been set up to control the use of tobacco. So that threat to public health is reduced. Policies like tobacco control policy, pro-health policy are set up for this purpose. Talking about the effects on a longer-term usage of water pipe can add up to the risk of getting affected by cancers of lungs, mouth, bladders, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, tooth extraction, etc.

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To identify the genetic diversity of wild edible Termitomyces heimii (T. heimii) mushrooms, they were collected from three geographical locations in Baleswar, Kendujhar and Mayurbhanj districts in the North Odisha of India and were assessed using RAPD markers. 5 primers produced 43 scorable bands with 100% of the polymorphism. Polymorphic banding patterns with the number of amplified fragments varied from 6 (OPT 5 and OPT 12) to 11 (OPT 1) with an average of 8.6 per primer. The PIC values ranged from minimum value of 0.30 to maximum of 0.44 with an average value of 0.38. The heterozygosity (H) varied from 0.29 to 0.43 with an average of 0.36. The number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I) and Nei’s gene diversity (h) were observed at population level as 1.604, 0.542 and 0.361 respectively whereas at species level the values were observed as 1.675, 0.684 and 0.459 respectively. These results showed the abundant genetic variability in the wild T. heimii. Nei’s gene diversity investigation showed that the genetic diversity was mainly found within geographical populations. The results of Mantel tests, UPGMA analysis, PCoA and PCA showed that geographical isolation is an important factor for the observed genetic differentiation.

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