Extensive efforts since 1931, on the structural determination of the mammalian tachykinin SP by NMR, CD and IR have turned out to be inconclusive. Studies are now being concentrated on the structural properties and characteristics of various NK receptors (NK(1), NK(2) and NK(3)) with the help of genetics, cloning, receptor engineering, mutagenesis and modeling. This knowledge is now being fruitfully used in the development of non-peptide NK(1) receptor antagonists that essentially block the pharmacological effects of SP. It is now being realized that the simultaneous blockade of two or more receptors gives promising results in emesis, depression and pulmonary obstructive diseases. In addition to the synthetic compounds, the discovery of antagonists from natural origin has added a great value to this field. In this review we have made an attempt to present the structural characteristics of SP, its analogs and antagonists, the structural characteristics of the NK receptor, and structure activity relationships that have helped to improve the therapeutic utilities of SP antagonists.

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A novel approach termed comparative residue-interaction analysis (CoRIA), emphasizing the trends and principles of QSAR in a ligand-receptor environment has been developed to analyze and predict the binding affinity of enzyme inhibitors. To test this new approach, a training set of 36 COX-2 inhibitors belonging to nine families was selected. The putative binding (bioactive) conformations of inhibitors in the COX-2 active site were searched using the program DOCK. The docked configurations were further refined by a combination of Monte Carlo and simulated annealing methods with the Affinity program. The non-bonded interaction energies of the inhibitors with the individual amino acid residues in the active site were then computed. These interaction energies, plus specific terms describing the thermodynamics of ligand-enzyme binding, were correlated to the biological activity with G/PLS. The various QSAR models obtained were validated internally by cross validation and boot strapping, and externally using a test set of 13 molecules. The QSAR models developed on the CoRIA formalism were robust with good r (2), q (2) and r (pred) (2) values. The major highlights of the method are: adaptation of the QSAR formalism in a receptor setting to answer both the type (qualitative) and the extent (quantitative) of ligand-receptor binding, and use of descriptors that account for the complete thermodynamics of the ligand-receptor binding. The CoRIA approach can be used to identify crucial interactions of inhibitors with the enzyme at the residue level, which can be gainfully exploited in optimizing the inhibitory activity of ligands. Furthermore, it can be used with advantage to guide point mutation studies. As regards the COX-2 dataset, the CoRIA approach shows that improving Coulombic interaction with Pro528 and reducing van der Waals interaction with Tyr385 will improve the binding affinity of inhibitors.

Pyrazole-3-one compounds were designed on the basis of docking studies of previously reported antidiabetic pyrazole compounds. The amino acid residues found during docking studies were used as guidelines for the modification of aromatic substitutions on pyrazole-3-one structure. Depending on the docking score, the designed compounds were selectively prioritized for synthesis. The synthesized compounds were subjected to in vivo hypoglycemic activity using alloxan induced diabetic rats and metformin as a standard. Compound 4 having sulphonamide derivative was found to be the most potent compound among the series.

This review provides a brief summary of thiadiazole ring containing compounds as antidiabetic agents. It covers the most active thiadiazole derivatives selected from reported literature of thiadiazole system as antidiabetic drug substance in the form of synthesis and structural activity relationship study reports. Some of the promising thiadiazole compounds interacting with targets such as sodium-glucose linked transporter, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, protein tyrosine phosphatase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and cannabinoid-1 receptor have been collected with their biological potency. The information provided in this review acts as important overview for medicinal chemist to develop a new chemical entity possessing antidiabetic activity.

Boron isosteres [ CH 3- CO - BH - CH(R) - CONHCH 3; R = CH 3, CH 2 OH , CH 2 SH ] of natural amino acids have been designed as inhibitors of serine protease based on boron's ability to mimic the transition state of the normal enzyme catalyzed reaction. The conformation and electronic properties of these isosteres have been determined by ab initio calculations at the HF/6-31G** level of theory. The global minimum energy structures of the boron isosteres (which are all identical) and the natural amino acids are radically different. Interestingly, the boron isosteres have favorable conformations with positive values for the ϕ dihedral, which are "disallowed states" for the natural amino acids. This is possible because of the smaller atomic size of boron compared to nitrogen. The molecular electrostatic potential of the boron isosteres is also very different from the natural amino acids. There is a positive potential around the boron atom, which provokes the attack of the Ser 195– OH group in the enzyme, resulting in formation of an irreversible enzyme-inhibitor adduct.

Bioanalytical methods are widely used for quantitative estimation of drugs and their metabolites in physiological matrices. These methods could be applied to studies in areas of human clinical pharmacology and toxicology. The major bioanalytical services are method development, method validation and sample analysis (method application). Various methods such as GC, LC–MS/MS, HPLC, HPTLC, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and UFLC have been used in laboratories for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbamazepine in biological samples throughout all phases of clinical research and quality control. The article incorporates various reported methods developed to help analysts in choosing crucial parameters for new method development of carbamazepine and its derivatives and also enumerates metabolites, and impurities reported so far.

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