Introduction:The purpose of this study was to establish reference ranges of total thyroid volume among clinically euthyroid Nepalese population using Ultrasonography and correlate this volume with age, sex, individual's built and geographic location. Methods:This was a prospective cross sectional study involving 485 clinically euthyroid individuals. B -mode Ultrasonography was used to measure the total thyroid volume by combining the volume of both the lobes obtained by using formula for prolate ellipsoid. Age specific reference values for thyroid volume were obtained and Pearson correlation test was used to see the relationship with various factors.Results: Among 485 individuals between 1 to 83 years of age, 221(45.57%) were males and 264(54.43%) were females. Maximum [354 individuals (72.99%)] were from hilly region and minimum [16 individual (3.30%)] were from Himalayan region. Mean thyroid volume was 6.629 ± 2.5025 ml. In general, thyroid volume was found to be more in older individuals than in young age group. There was no significant difference of thyroid volume between males and females. Thyroid volume best correlated with body surface area (r=0.444, p<0.0001). The volume had a positive correlation with weight (r=0.443, p<0.0001), body mass index (r=0.371, p<0.0001) and height (r=0.320, p<0.0001) of the individual. Conclusions:This study estimated the reference range of total thyroid volume for Nepalese population. These ranges are significantly lower than the WHO/ICCIDD thyroid volume references and reference values obtained in various other countries. Total thyroid volume best correlated with Body surface area.

Introduction: Subpubic angle, an important parameter used for sex determination in the pelvis, is the angle between two inferior pubic rami below the symphysis pubis. This study was carried out to determine the subpubic angle among the individuals referred for pelvic and KUB radiographs in the department of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital.Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study was done on 120 individuals. The subpubic angle was measured by drawing two tangent lines on the inferior border of the pubic rami. The subpubic angle of both sexes was measured. An independent sample t-test for equality of means was used to determine the difference between the two sexes regarding the subpubic angle. The correlation between the subpubic angle and the age of subjects was obtained using Pearson Correlation Coefficients in males and females.Results: The range of the subpubic angle in male was 82o to 122° and the mean was 104.72°±10.47°. In females, the range was 96o to 159° and the mean was 137.15°±11.92° with a significant statistical difference from the angle in male (p<0.05). The subpubic angle was not significantly correlated with age in males (r=0.029, p=0.824) whereas, in females, the correlation of subpubic angle with age was significant (r=-0.303, p=0.019).Conclusion: The mean subpubic angle was significantly wider in females than in males in this study. We found a weak negative correlation between subpubic angle and age in females whereas in the male there was no correlation between age and subpubic angle.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to establish the reference value of normal thickness of thyroid isthmus among clinically euthyroid Nepalese individuals using Ultrasonography and correlate this with thyroid volume, sex, individual’s built and geographic location.Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional study involving 485 clinically euthyroid individuals. B -mode Ultrasonography was used to measure the thickness of thyroid isthmus in transverse plane. Mean thickness of isthmus for male and female was obtained and Pearson correlation test was used to see the relationship with various factors.Results: Among 485 individuals between 1 to 83 years of age, 221 were males and 264 were females. Maximum individuals (72.99%) were from hilly region and minimum (3.30%) were from Himalayan region. Mean thickness of isthmus was 3.097 ± 1.009 mm (range 1.0 to 6.8 mm). It was 3.114 ± 0.9513 mm for male and 3.083 ± 1.056 mm for female. Isthmus thickness best correlated with total thyroid volume (r=0.373, p=0.0001). Isthmus thickness also positively correlated with body mass index (r=0.355, p =0.0001), body surface area (r= 0.296, p=0.0001), weight (r =0.334, p=0.0001) and height (r =0.130, p =0.004) of the individuals.Conclusion: This study estimated the normal reference value of thyroid isthmus thickness. As isthmus thickness correlated well with total thyroid volume, it can roughly guide the thyroid volume and help assessment of thyroid size in diffuse thyroid disease.

Department of R adiology and Imaging, Institute of M edicine, T rib huv an Univ ersity T eaching H ospital, K athmandu, Nepal.Correspondence address: Dr. Benu L ohani, Department of R adiology and Imaging, Institute of M edicine, T rib huv an Univ ersity T eaching H ospital, K athmandu, Nepal. E-mail: b enulohani@ yahoo.com AbstractIntroduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common acute condition of the ab domen requiring surgery in b oth adults 1,2 and children. 3-5 T he ov erall frequency of appendicitis for symptomatic patients younger than 20 years is 41%; the frequency for those older than 20 years is 59%.

Corpus callosum (CC) is the main fiber tract connecting the cortical and sub-cortical regions of the right, left hemispheres, and plays an essential role in the integration of information between the two hemispheres. By using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the dimensions of corpus callosum can be studied. In this cross-sectional quantitative study 80 cases of normal MRI head were selected for study over two months. T1 weighted sagittal spin-echo images with slice thickness of 6 mm, planned from an axial and coronal image were used for measuring length and thickness of corpus callosum. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS ver.20 software and shown in frequency, percentages and bar diagram. The mean Corpus callosum (CC) length was 68.06 mm in the study population (n=80). The mean thickness of Genu, Body and Splenium were 9.15,5.2 and 9.08 mm respectively and average thickness was 7.81 mm. Statistically significant differences in size of CC for various age groups in both sexes were observed. The mean length of CC was 68.06 mm and mean thickness of CC was 7.81 mm. There were variation in the size of CC with age and sex. The Pearson correlation Coefficient is 0.48829 between Age and Length of CC, its P-value is 0.0019 KEY WORD: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Corpus callosum (CC), Genu, Body, Splenium Sagittal Spin-Echo.