This study investigates the effect of single leaf litter of Terminalia arjuna (Ta) and Prosopis juliflora (Pj), mixed leaf litters [Ta, Pj, Azadirachta indica (Ai) and Albizia procera (Ap)] and paddy straw (Ps; Oryza sativa) on chemical properties and microbial activities of slightly sodic (SS), moderately sodic (MS) and highly sodic (HS) soils during 1 year in vitro decomposition process. For this purpose, equal amount (60 g) of single leaf litter [Ta (C : N = 43) and Pj (C : N = 38)], mixed leaf litters [1/4 of Ta, Pj, Ai and Ap (C : N = 30)] and Ps (C : N = 107) was added to equal amount (600 g) of SS, MS and HS soils. After addition of litters, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), available nitrogen (N av ), microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, soil respiration, microbial quotient (C mic : C org ) and metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) were observed at 2 months intervals for the whole year in greenhouse at constant soil moisture. The respective annual increase, at the end of the experiment, in SOC and N av was highest in MS soil (40% and 45%), whereas soil microbial biomass and soil respiration showed decreasing trend from HS soil (39% and 29%) to SS soil (28% and 21%). The highest SOC was mineralized in the MS (42%) and HS (32%) soils containing litter of Ta; although greater (20%) accumulation of SOC in SS soil was noticed with mixed leaf litters. The study reveals that MS and HS soils comparatively showed fast decomposition of litters and significant increase in carbon, nitrogen and microbial activities.
Herein we report an organocatalytic synthesis of highly fluorescent naphthalene derivatives through hydrogen atom transfer featuring neat and mild reaction conditions under air with high substrate tolerance along with atom economy by the unprecedented use of DBU, where oxidation and reduction occurred in one‐pot. Synthesized compounds are utilized in photophysical studies, cytotoxic studies and cell imaging studies of colon cancer cell line CT26.
Background:
Bonding is an integral part of orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic bonding could be accomplished without the use of primer, it might be possible to reduce the risk of occupational exposure to primer and will save time. So it is very important to know whether primer is required or not.
Aim:
The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of metallic and ceramic brackets bonded with and without primer application and to check for residual adhesive post debonding.
Material and Method:
A total of 100 extracted human premolar teeth were divided into 2 main groups A and B which were further subdivided into: Group A1 – metallic brackets bonded with primer; Group A2 – ceramic brackets bonded with primer; Group B1 – metallic brackets bonded without primer; group B2 – ceramic brackets bonded without primer. The SBS of these brackets was measured.
Result:
The SBS of group A2 was significantly higher than the other groups, group A1 was the second highest, group B3 was the third highest and group B4 was the least significant. The adhesive remnant index was lowest on failure of ceramic brackets bonded with primer.
Conclusion:
SBS of ceramic brackets bonded without primer is superior to SBS of metallic bracket bonded without primer and metallic brackets bonded with primer was superior than metallic bonded without primer.
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