Globally more than half of the pesticides are utilized in Asia. India stands 12th in pesticide use globally and 3rd in Asia after China and Turkey. In present study, the data of different types of pesticides, pesticide use pattern and detailed pesticide consumption of the India and world were collected, organized and summarized. Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy providing employment and livelihood to nearly 70% of the total population. And pesticides are an integral part of modern agriculture. Insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are commonly used for pest control in agriculture. However, insecticides form the highest share in total pesticide use in India. India share only1% of the global pesticide use. India has utilized around 58160 tonnes of pesticide in 2018. Per hectare application rate of pesticide was 0.31 kg in 2017. Despite a low per hectare use of pesticides in India, their injudicious use has led to the presence of residues in both biotic and abiotic sections of the environment. The advance research and development in the field of bio-pesticides applications greatly reduce the environmental pollution caused by the chemical synthetic insecticides residues and promotes sustainable development of agriculture. In India numerous bio-pesticides presently being developed may be exceptional replacements to chemical pesticides. There are many eco-friendly plant based and microbial bio-pesticides available in the market. Bio-pesticides consumption is only 8% in India. For sustainable agricultural development and to protect environment from adverse effect of chemical pesticides, formulation and utilization of bio-pesticides should be prompted.
Sustainable development requires the progress and preferment of environmental management and a persistent exploration and improvement for green technologies to treat a wide range of habitats contaminated by disorganized anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an excellent and effective cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from contaminated environment. Bioremediation is vastly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification of diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-embracing with the help of microorganisms and plants. Bioremediation technique is widely used to treat wastewater and to remove agricultural chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) that leach from soil into groundwater. Certain toxic metals, such as mercury, selenium and arsenic compounds, can also be removed from water by bioremediation. Thus, bioremediation is a research and solution oriented technology that needs a prior thorough understanding of different types of available processes for improvisation and clean-up of contaminated sites. In this review, impact agricultural pollution, principle of bioremediation process and, different types of in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques have been discussed.
Sustainable development requires the progress and preferment of environmental management and a persistent exploration and improvement for green technologies to treat a wide range of habitats contaminated by disorganized anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an excellent and effective cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from contaminated environment. Bioremediation is vastly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification of diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-embracing with the help of microorganisms and plants. Bioremediation technique is widely used to treat wastewater and to remove agricultural chemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) that leach from soil into groundwater. Certain toxic metals, such as mercury, selenium and arsenic compounds, can also be removed from water by bioremediation. Thus, bioremediation is a research and solution oriented technology that needs a prior thorough understanding of different types of available processes for improvisation and clean-up of contaminated sites. In this review, impact agricultural pollution, principle of bioremediation process and, different types of in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation techniques have been discussed.
Background: Pesticides are chemicals that have become common household products in developing countries. The purpose of pesticides is to manage agricultural work. The majority of pesticides for indoor and agricultural use are carbamate and organophosphorus. Toxicity is caused due to excess and improper use or disposal of these chemical agents. Slow exposure to pesticides causes chronic poisoning whereas rapid exposure causes acute poisoning. The paraoxonase I (PON 1) enzyme has a role in detoxifying some of the oxon derivatives which thereby inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Methods: This study analyzed farmers who were exposed intermittently to organophosphorus and carbamates pesticides during farming for more than five years. Serum paraoxonase I was evaluated by colorimetry method, and hemoglobin levels were evaluated using portable Fresenius Kabi haemoglobinometer. Results: The study showed that the pesticides were found in the blood and urine samples of farmers and there was an alteration of paraoxonase I and hemoglobin levels in them due to the exposure of pesticides in large quantities over some time. The present study showed around 81% of the participants who were intermittently exposed to pesticides for more than five years were detected with pesticide toxicity. The paraoxonase I level was altered in farmers who were positive for organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides. The hemoglobin level did not show much variation among the farmers exposed to pesticides. This may be due to the lifestyle of the subjects, climatic variations and also their eating habits. Conclusions: The study suggested that there was alteration in the levels of PON1 and hemoglobin in farmers and agricultural workers with positive organophosphorus and carbamates in their blood and urine samples. As our study was done without quantifying the amount of pesticides, further studies can be done by quantifying the pesticide level and comparing it with the paraoxonase I level.
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