Abstract-This paper presents a novel maximum power point (MPP) tracking (MPPT) algorithm for grid-connected wind energy generation systems (WEGS). This is a rapid tracking algorithm that uses the fact that the value of "β," an intermediate variable, especially defined for the purpose, remains constant (=β M P P ) for a given WEGS at the MPP irrespective of the wind velocity. The value of β M P P is known in advance. The algorithm works in two stages. In the first stage, it uses large steps to quickly drive the operating point to lie within a narrow band with limits β m ax and β m in . In the second stage, exact MPP is tracked using the "perturb and observe" method. No extra hardware or measurements (sensors) are required compared to the existing algorithms. Hence, the cost is not increased. Application of the proposed algorithm to an example WEGS shows that the time taken by the system to reach MPP is much smaller compared to most of the existing algorithms. A prototype matrix converter has been developed for grid interfacing and the proposed MPPT scheme has been implemented in conjunction with Venturini and space-vector-modulation-based switching schemes. All the results of this study are presented.Index Terms-Matrix converter (MC), maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, space vector modulation (SVM), squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG), Venturini, wind energy generation system (WEGS).
The work deals with development of a new catalyst ZnO/zeolite and its performance evaluation for the industrially important reaction of esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. It is a reaction that takes place in liquid−liquid mode due to partial miscibility of glycerol and oleic acid. The reaction kinetics and product distribution over the developed catalyst are investigated under different conditions. The effects of different parameters such as catalyst loading, mole ratio, and temperature are studied. Higher temperatures and simultaneous water removal increase the reaction rate significantly. It is interesting to note that the selectivity toward monoglyceride for a given conversion remains unaffected with respect to temperature and mole ratio. A simplified kinetic model, that considers mono-and diesterification as a combination of series and parallel irreversible reactions, is proposed to explain the kinetic data.
In
this work, we have studied the potential of reactive distillation
for the valorization of fusel oil, i.e., a mixture of alcohols obtained
as a distillery waste. It is proposed to react these alcohols in the
mixture with acetic acid and separate the esters in pure form. Experiments
are performed in a laboratory scale reactive distillation column,
and a simulation model is validated. Different process alternatives
exist, and we have compared them based on the total energy consumption
as the criterion. The potentially cost-effective alternatives are
identified. It is shown that reactive distillation, which is a proven
intensification strategy for esterification of individual alcohols,
can be a promising option for simultaneous esterification of mixture
of alcohols, as well.
The production of 2-ethylhexyl acetate by esterification of 2-ethylhexanol with acetic acid in the presence of ionexchange resin (Amberlyst-15) as catalyst is investigated in a reactive distillation (RD) column using toluene as an entrainer. Toluene helps in removing water efficiently from the reactive zone and maintains the reactive zone temperature below the thermal stability limit of the catalyst. Experiments as well as simulations show that quantitative conversion is achievable using the proposed entrainer-based reactive distillation process. The effect of different parameters on the conversion is studied through simulations. The proposed RD process is compared with the conventional process that uses homogeneous p-toluenesulfonic acid (pTSA) as a catalyst and it is shown that the proposed process is more energy efficient and less capital intensive.
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