The exfoliative cytology of the vaginal was evaluated in Saanen goat during the estrus cycle by vaginal smear method. Its a simple technique to determine of estrus cycle stages and a useful tool to determine or identify the estrus phase. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of exfoliative vaginal cell during the stages of estrus cycle using vaginal smear techniques in Saanen goat. Twenty Saanen goat with weigh 45-55 kg, 3-4 years and had a period of estrus 19-22 days in dry period were observed. All goats were in natural estrus cycle without synchronization. A vaginal smear and vaginal pH were collected from swabbed vaginal epithelium. The result showed the proportion of vaginal cell was significantly different in each phase of estrus cycle. The proportion of superficial cell was dominated in estrus phase. Also, the highest pH values were significantly higher in estrus phase rather than in the other phases. In conclusion, the dominant proportion of superficial cell and a high vaginal pH value which occurred in follicular phase might be used as a marker to determine the optimal time for goat insemination.
The background of this study was blood profile and cows' behavior that could be used as a tool to diagnose reproductive status in the dairy cows. This research was aimed to determine biochemical blood profile, progesterone level, and behaviors of Friesian Holstein crossbreed dairy cow in the tropical climates. Fifteen Friesian-Holstein crossbreeds cows, in early lactation, reared by local farmers were divided into two barn types: individual and groups of cows. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein using a 22G needle on days 0, 14, and 28. For the determination of blood profile, blood was collected into Vacuntainer® blood tubes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to arrest glycolysis. The blood was transported to the laboratory with a coolbox. The concentration of progesterone in plasma was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a commercial kit and the biochemical blood profile serum was measured by using microlab 300. The variables observed were glucose, cholesterol, urea, and non-pregnant progesterone. Data obtained was examined by T-test analysis. The result showed that the Temperature-Humidity Index were 81.3 and 79.6 respectively, there were no significant differences between two observation, in terms of total feeding time (3.06±0.48 and 2.91±0.22 hours/day), total water consumption (86.23±0.58 and 85.37±0.88 l/day), total standing (12.70±0.21 and 12.83±0.34 hours/day), total laying (11.30±0.71 and 11.16±0.62 hours/day). The blood profile and progesterone levels were lower than the normal range in dairy cows. Also, the result indicated that blood parameters were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between individual pen and group. The result indicated that the progesterone level was not significant in two models of management dairy cows. The conclusion of the research is the climate can affect behavior and the blood parameters. Blood profiles below normal range affect fertility in Friesian-Holstein crossbreed dairy cows.
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of protein and energy supplementation on the biochemical blood parameters in Holstein cows. The effect of energy and protein supplementation used corn and soybean meal was evaluated on biochemical blood profile in three groups of Holstein cows raised in small stakeholder farmers in Yogyakarta from February to May 2020. Thirty multiparous Holstein cows were allocated to three treatment groups, namely T0 in which the cows fed by the basal diet from the local farmer as well as the T1 (3.5% energy and protein supplementation) and T2 (5% energy and protein supplementation), in which the cows were fed by added energy and protein supplementation. The diets designed for the treatment groups were different from the basal diet by adding two additional ingredients which were soybean meal and corn meal in purpose to depress the stress from adaptive feeding. The results showed that the treated cows (T1 and T2) had significantly higher serum concentrations of glucose (T1 = 2.12 ± 0.49 mmol/L, T2 = 1.86 ± 0.40 mmol/L) rather than T0 (0.98 ± 0.48 mmol/L). The total concentration of serum protein and urea in treated cows was significantly lower than those with the basal diet. Total serum protein and urea in T1 were 0.69 ± 1.37 mmol/L and 7.21 ± 1.99 mmol/L, respectively; which they were 0.63 ± 0.06 mmol/L and 7.69 ± 3.07 mmol/L in T2, compared to the T0 which were 0.82 ±0.05 mmol/L and 7.69 ± 3.07 mmol/L, respectively. There was no significant difference in blood cholesterol among all treatment groups. In conclusion, the supplementations that varied in the proportion of energy and protein intake affected some biochemical blood profiles, such as glucose, protein, and blood urea nitrogen.
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