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The tubercle complex consists of closely related mycobacterium species which appear to be variants of a single species. Comparative genome analysis of different strains could provide useful clues and insights into the genetic diversity of the species. We integrated genome assemblies of 96 strains from Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), which included 8 Indian clinical isolates sequenced and assembled in this study, to understand its pangenome architecture. We predicted genes for all the 96 strains and clustered their respective CDSs into homologous gene clusters (HGCs) to reveal a hard-core, soft-core and accessory genome component of MTBC. The hard-core (HGCs shared amongst 100% of the strains) was comprised of 2,066 gene clusters whereas the soft-core (HGCs shared amongst at least 95% of the strains) comprised of 3,374 gene clusters. The change in the core and accessory genome components when observed as a function of their size revealed that MTBC has an open pangenome. We identified 74 HGCs that were absent from reference strains H37Rv and H37Ra but were present in most of clinical isolates. We report PCR validation on 9 candidate genes depicting 7 genes completely absent from H37Rv and H37Ra whereas 2 genes shared partial homology with them accounting to probable insertion and deletion events. The pangenome approach is a promising tool for studying strain specific genetic differences occurring within species. We also suggest that since selecting appropriate target genes for typing purposes requires the expected target gene be present in all isolates being typed, therefore estimating the core-component of the species becomes a subject of prime importance.

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Movement of impression copings inside the impression material using a direct (open tray) impression technique during clinical and laboratory phases may cause inaccuracy in transferring the 3-dimensional spatial orientation of implants intraorally to the cast. Consequently, the prosthesis may require corrective procedures. This in vitro study evaluated the accuracy of 3 different impression techniques using polyether and vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) impression material to obtain a precise cast for multiple internal connection implants. A reference acrylic resin model with 4 internal connection implants was fabricated. Impressions of the reference model were made using 3 different techniques and 2 different impression materials. The study consisted of 24 specimens divided into 6 groups of 4 each. Impressions were poured with ADA type IV stone (Kalrock, Kalabhai Karson Pvt Ltd, Mumbai, India). All casts were evaluated for the positional accuracy (mm) of the implant replica heads using a profile projector. These measurements were compared to the measurements calculated on the reference resin model, which served as a control. Data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison procedures to evaluate group means. The results revealed significant difference for anterior implant distance between the 2 impression materials (P < .01) and also among the 3 different techniques (P < .05). The lowest mean variation was found with the polyether impression material and the splinted technique. For posterior implants, the results suggested no significant difference between the 2 impression materials (P ≥ .05). Although results were not statistically significant, the polyether impression material showed the lowest mean variation as compared to the VPS impression material. However, there was a significant difference among the 3 different techniques (P < .05). Among the 3 different techniques, the lowest mean variation between 2 posterior implants was found in the splinted technique. Casts obtained from impression techniques using square impression copings splinted together with autopolymerizing acrylic resin prior to the impression procedure were more accurate than casts obtained from impressions with nonmodified implant impression copings and with airborne particle-abraded, adhesive-coated copings. Casts obtained from polyether impression material were more accurate than casts obtained from vinyl polysiloxane impression material.

Backround: ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group antigens are hereditary characters and are useful in population genetic studies, in resolving medico-legal issues and more importantly for the immunologic safety of blood during transfusion.Aims: This study is aimed to determine the distribution pattern of the ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand and compare it with other data from similar studies within the India and all over the world. Design:It is a retrospective study carried out at blood bank of Shushila Tewari Hospital of Government Medical College, Haldwani from January 2012 to December 2013. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on 12,701 blood donors. ABO and Rh typing was done using slide agglutination method with antisera ABO and Rh (Tulip diagnostics ltd). Doubtful cases were confirmed by tube agglutination method and reverse grouping using known pooled A and B cells. The age group and sex of donors, frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups were reported in simple percentages. Results:The predominant donors belonged to age group between 18-35years (84.28%). Male donors were more than female donors, ratio being 352:1. Replacement donors (99.71%) were much more than voluntary donors (0.91%). The most common blood group was B (32.07%) and least common being AB (10.53%). Blood group 'O' and 'A' had same frequency. The prevalence of Rhesus positive and negative distribution in the studied population was 94.49% and 5.51% respectively. Blood group frequency with respect to ABO and Rhesus positive was found to be shown by formula B> O>A >AB. The frequency for ABO and Rhesus negative was given by the formula B>A>O>AB.Conclusion: Knowledge of frequencies of the different blood groups is very important for blood banks and transfusion service policies that could contribute significantly to the National Health System. Apart from their importance in blood transfusion practice, the ABO and Rh blood groups are useful in clinical studies population genetic studies, researching population migration patterns as well as resolving certain medicolegal issues, particularly of disputed paternity cases [8].All human populations share the same blood group systems; although they differ in the frequencies of specific types. The incidence of ABO and Rh groups varies markedly in different races, ethnic groups, and socio-economic groups in different part of the world [9].Knowledge of availability of different Blood groups at various levels is need of the hour for more efficient delivery of blood bank services and so is the need of this study.In the present study distribution of blood groups is studied in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand, India. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present retrospective study was carried out at blood bank of Dr. Shushila Tewari teaching hospital of Government Medical College, Haldwani, Nainital after due ethical clearance from the institutional ethic committee. The data of present study corresponds to period www.jcdr.netParul Garg et al., Frequency of ABO and Rhesus Blood ...

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A 55-year-old postmenopausal lady presented with complaints of bleeding per vaginum and lower abdominal pain for the last 3-4 months. She also had increased body hair for last 3-4 years. She had three children and there was no history of any abnormality during her pregnancy. There was no history of any contraception and exogenous hormone intake.Past medical history was otherwise unremarkable. Family history was noncontributory. Ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic right adenexal mass measuring 65x40x30mm. This mass was not separated from right ovary. A possibility of ovarian sex cord tumour was given. A total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooophorectomy was done and the specimen was received in our department for histopathological examination.An already cut open gross specimen of uterus was received measuring 9x6x3.5cm in size with one tube and ovary and other fallopian tube and ovary lying separately in container. Ovarian tumour measured 6x4x3cm. It was replacing whole of the ovary without any peripheral ovarian stroma. Cut surface was solid and yellow in colour [Table/ Fig-1a&b]. Other side ovary was grossly normal. Specimen of omentum measuring 45cm in length was also received.Sections from ovarian tumour showed well circumscribed tumour comprising of large round to polygonal cells with centrally placed nuclei, prominent nucleoli and abundant amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm [Table/ Fig-2a&b]. There was no atypia, mitotic figures or necrosis noted in the tumour. Stroma was scanty. Histological features were consistent with steroid cell tumour NOS type. The cervix showed features of chronic cervicitis while the endometrium showed atrophic changes. The other side ovary and tube was unremarkable. Patient was discharged after 1 week with stable condition and was adviced follow up after 1 month. Patient's excessive hair growth reduced after few months and there were no other complaints. DisCussionThe incidence of steroid cell tumours, NOS is highest in women of child bearing age group, particularly during the third and fourth decades, but in rare cases postmenopausal women or children may also have this tumour. Androgenic manifestations are common in these tumours as they secrete hormones like androstenedione, α-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone [1,2].These tumours are known to produce symptoms of virilisation particularly hirsutism. So in cases where there is unexplained hirsutism, ovarian and adrenal tumour association should be ruled out as there may be occult malignancies [3]. However, there may be atypical presentations of these tumours also when they do not show any symptoms of virilisation. In these cases the diagnosis is usually made postoperatively on finding a tumour in ovary [4].These tumours have been divided into three subtypes according to their cells of origin: stromal luteoma, leydig cell tumour and steroid cell tumour, not otherwise specified (NOS). Of these subtypes, the steroid cell tumours, NOS account for about 56% of steroid cell tumours [5].A majority of steroid cell tumour NOS are ...

Desired retrievability of cemented implant-supported fixed prosthesis makes the retentive strength of cementing agents an important consideration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the retentiveness of purposely designed implant cement and compare its retentiveness with dental cements that are commonly used with implant systems. Ten implant analogs were embedded in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin blocks and titanium abutments were attached to them. Fifty standardized copings were waxed directly on the abutment and casted. The cements used were: (1) resin-bonded zinc oxide eugenol cement, (2) purposely designed implant cement, (3) zinc phosphate cement, (4) zinc polycarboxylate cement, and (5) glass ionomer cement. After cementation, each sample was subjected to a pull-out test using universal testing machine and loads required to remove the crowns were recorded. The mean values and standard deviations of cement failure loads were analyzed using ANOVA and Bonferroni test. The mean values (± SD) of loads at failure (n = 10) for various cements were as follows (N): resin-bonded zinc oxide eugenol cement 394.62 (± 9.76), Premier implant cement 333.86 (± 18.91), zinc phosphate cement 629.30 (± 20.65), zinc polycarboxylate cement 810.08 (± 11.52), and glass ionomer cement 750.17 (± 13.78). The results do not suggest that one cement type is better than another, but they do provide a ranking order of the cements regarding their ability to retain the prosthesis and facilitate easy retrievability.