We present a case where a baby girl was born with failure of fusion of the perineal raphe. To our knowledge, there has been limited reports of this form of congenital abnormality in the literature and is referred to as "perineal groove." The incidence of perineal groove is unclear but it is considered to be rare. This case reviews the embryological origin of this congenital abnormality.

The superficial ulnar artery (SUA) is an anatomical variation of the upper limb vasculature with a prevalence of 0.7-9.4% in the population. The importance of this variant is that it may be cannulated inadvertently by an unsuspecting physician, leading to possible ischemia of the hand. With the growing use of radial forearm flaps, the surgeon needs to be aware of its presence during surgery and be able to adapt the procedure accordingly. The aims of the study focus on the incidence and calibre of the SUA. Ninety-five cadaveric limbs were dissected and the calibre of the different arteries measured. Four SUAs (4.2%) were found, all in male cadavers. Two of these were from the same cadaver. Measurements of the calibre of the vessels showed that the SUA was smaller than the ulnar artery. Of the limbs dissected, 4.2% had an SUA, which is a similar prevalence to other studies in Western Europe. It is most commonly found in males, unilaterally and in the right upper limb. It is extremely rare to experience consequences from intra-arterial cannulation and the SUA may have more of a beneficial role in reconstructive fasciocutaneous forearm flaps.

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Prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction are significantly associated with proximal hypospadias and undescended testis. Also, due to the 28% incidence of an underlying sexual development disorder, male infants with proximal hypospadias should undergo multidisciplinary evaluation.

Moses Maimonides was not only one of the most influential religious figures of the middle ages, but also a pioneer in a wide variety of medical practices. A brief history of his life, and what is known about his medical education, is given here. His paper on haemorrhoids is summarised, as well as a review of the current understanding of the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of this common condition. The comparison of Maimonides' writings to modern understanding of not only the prevention and treatment of haemorrhoids, but also his approach to the patient as a whole in terms of pre- and postoperative care, demonstrate how ahead of his time this great philosopher was.