Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) accumulates in diverse clinical conditions but remains poorly understood. Here we show region-specific variation in MAT adipocyte development, regulation, size, lipid composition, gene expression, and genetic determinants. Early MAT formation in mice is conserved, while later development is strain dependent. Proximal, but not distal, MAT is lost with 21-day cold exposure. Rat MAT adipocytes from distal sites have an increased proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids and expression of Scd1/Scd2, Cebpa and Cebpb. Humans also have increased distal marrow fat unsaturation. We define proximal ‘regulated’ MAT (rMAT) as single adipocytes interspersed with active hematopoiesis, whereas distal ‘constitutive’ MAT (cMAT) has low hematopoiesis, contains larger adipocytes, develops earlier, and remains preserved upon systemic challenges. Loss of rMAT occurs in mice with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4, whereas both rMAT and cMAT are preserved in mice with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 3. Consideration of these MAT subpopulations may be important for future studies linking MAT to bone biology, hematopoiesis and whole-body metabolism.
SUMMARY
The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin promotes metabolic and cardiovascular health. Circulating adiponectin increases in lean states such as caloric restriction (CR), but the reasons for this paradox remain unclear. Unlike white adipose tissue (WAT), bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) increases during CR, and both MAT and serum adiponectin increase in many other clinical conditions. Thus, we investigated if MAT contributes to circulating adiponectin. We find that adiponectin secretion is greater from MAT than from WAT. Notably, specific inhibition of MAT formation in mice results in decreased circulating adiponectin during CR, despite unaltered adiponectin expression in WAT. Inhibiting MAT formation also alters skeletal muscle adaptation to CR, suggesting that MAT exerts systemic effects. Finally, we reveal that both MAT and serum adiponectin increase during cancer therapy in humans. These observations identify MAT as an endocrine organ that contributes significantly to increased serum adiponectin during CR, and perhaps in other adverse states.
Women with AN have greater lumbar and femoral marrow fat than controls, and marrow fat correlates inversely with BMD. This paradoxical increase in marrow fat at a time when sc and visceral fat are markedly reduced raises important questions about functional consequences of this process.
We conclude that whereas most animal and human data demonstrate an inverse association between marrow adipose tissue and measures of bone density and strength, understanding the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue and its hormonal determinants will be critical to better understanding its role in skeletal integrity and the role of marrow adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of bone loss.
Objective
To (i) compare fracture prevalence in adolescent females with
anorexia nervosa (AN) vs. normal-weight controls and (ii) examine whether
reductions in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) predict fracture risk in
females with AN.
Methods
418 females (310 with active AN and 108 normal-weight controls)
12–22 years old were studied cross-sectionally. Lifetime fracture
history was recorded by a physician during participant interviews. Body
composition and aBMD measurements of the whole body, whole body less head,
lumbar spine, and hip were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
(DXA), and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) was calculated for the
lumbar spine.
Results
Participants with AN and normal-weight controls did not differ for
chronological age, sexual maturity, or height. The lifetime prevalence of
prior fracture was 59.8% higher in those with AN compared to
controls (31.0 % versus 19.4 %, p = 0.02), and the
fracture incidence rate peaked in our cohort after the diagnosis of AN.
Lower aBMD and lumbar BMAD were not associated with a higher prevalence of
fracture in the AN or control group on univariate or multivariate analyses.
Compared to controls, fracture prevalence was significantly higher in the
subgroup of girls with AN who had normal aBMD or only modest reductions of
aBMD (Z-scores > −1 or −1.5).
Discussion
This is the first study to show that the risk of fracture during
childhood and adolescence is significantly higher in patients with AN than
in normal-weight controls. Fracture prevalence is increased in this cohort
of subjects with AN even without significant reductions in aBMD.
Young women with AN have low cold-activated BAT, which may be due to impaired BAT thermogenesis. Young women with BAT have higher BMD and lower Pref-1 compared with women without BAT, suggesting that BAT may be involved in the regulation of stem cell differentiation into the bone lineage at the expense of adipogenesis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.