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Highlights:  Provides a review of 4 th Generation District Heating (4GDH) in scientific papers  Shows how 4GDH is an important integrated part of future sustainable energy systems  Quantifies costs and benefits of 4GDH in a future sustainable energy system  Shows how benefits exceed costs by a safe margin  Shows the significant benefits of systems integration

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The utilisation of fluctuating renewable energy sources is increasing worldwide ; however, so is the concern about how to integrate these resources into the energy systems. The design of optimal energy resource mixes in climate change mitigation actions is a challenge faced in many places. This optimisation may be implemented according to economic objectives or with a focus on technooperational aims and within these two main groupings, several different criteria may potentially be applied to the design process. In this article, a series of optimisation criteria are reviewed and subsequently applied to an energy system model of Western Denmark in an analysis of how to use heat pumps for the integration of wind power. The analyses demonstrate that the fact whether the system in question is modelled as operated in island mode or not has a large impact on the definition of the optimal wind power level. If energy savings and CO 2 emission reductions beyond the system boundary are not included in the analysis, then it is either not feasible to expand wind power to a high degree or it is conversely more feasible to install relocation technologies that can utilise any excess production. The analyses also demonstrate that different optimisation criteria render different optimal designs.