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The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the developed PAADC-DP MMs system is a promising approach for cancer chemotherapy with reduced toxicity.

Background: Methotrexate (MTX), a folate anti-metabolite, has been used widely in the treatment of plenty of malignancies. However, the clinical use is limited because of its poor water solubility (BCS class II drug), nonspecific distribution, drug resistance, short circulation half-life, and toxicity. The objective of the present research was to synthesize the ester prodrug of MTX with D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and characterize for in vitro anticancer efficacy. Results: The FTIR and NMR results revealed the successful synthesis of the prodrug. The assay and saturation solubility of the prodrug is found to be 23 ± 2.5% and 6.7 ± 1.3 mg/mL (MTX equivalent) respectively. The CMC of the prodrug in distilled water at room temperature is found to be 36.9 ± 2.6 μg/mL. The prepared prodrug micelles showed a mean particle size of 166 ± 10 nm (PDI, 0.325 ± 0.09). Further, the TEM results confirmed the self-assembling character of the prodrug into micelles with a nearly spherical shape. The prodrug caused the significantly (p < 0.01) less hemolysis (16.8 ± 1.5%) when compared to plain MTX solution and significantly higher (p < 0.01) in vitro cytotoxicity, cell cycle arresting, and apoptosis against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Conclusion: Our study results revealed the remarkable in vitro anticancer activity of MTX following its esterification with TPGS. However, further, in vivo studies are needed to prove its efficacy against different cancers.

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COVID-19 pandemic is taking a dangerous turn due to unavailability of approved and effective vaccines and therapy. Currently available diagnostic techniques are time-consuming, expensive, and maybe impacted by the mutations produced in the virus. Therefore, investigation of novel, rapid, and economic diagnosis techniques, prophylactic vaccines and targeted efficacious drug delivery systems as treatment strategy is imperative. Carbohydrates are essential biomolecules which also act as markers in the realization of immune systems. Moreover, they exhibit antiviral, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines and therapeutics including stimuli sensitive systems can be developed successfully and used effectively to fight COVID-19. Thus, carbohydrate-based diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic alternatives could be promising to defeat COVID-19 propitiously. Morphology of SARS-CoV-2 and its relevance in devising combat strategies has been discussed. Carbohydrate-based approaches for tackling infectious diseases and their importance in the design of various diagnostic and treatment modalities have been reviewed.