Printed electronics is widely gaining much attention for compact and high-performance energy-storage devices because of the advancement of flexible electronics. The development of a low-cost current collector, selection, and utilization of the proper material deposition tool and improvement of the device energy density are major challenges for the existing flexible supercapacitors. In this paper, we have reported an inkjet-printed solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor on commercial A4 paper using a low-cost desktop printer (EPSON L130). The physical properties of all inks have been carefully optimized so that the developed inks are within the printable range, i.e., Fromm number of 4 < Z < 14 for all inks. The paper substrate is made conducting (sheet resistance ∼ 1.6 Ω/sq) by printing 40 layers of conducting graphene oxide (GO) ink on its surface. The developed conducting patterns on paper are further printed with a GO-MnO nanocomposite ink to make a positive electrode, and another such structure is printed with activated carbon ink to form a negative electrode. A combination of both of these electrodes is outlaid by fabricating an asymmetric supercapacitor. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-LiCl gel electrolyte shows a stable potential window of 0-2.0 V and exhibits outstanding flexibility, good cyclic stability, high rate capability, and high energy density. The fabricated paper-substrate-based flexible asymmetric supercapacitor also displays an excellent electrochemical performances, e.g., a maximum areal capacitance of 1.586 F/cm (1023 F/g) at a current density of 4 mA/cm, highest energy density of 22 mWh/cm at a power density of 0.099 W/cm, a capacity retention of 89.6% even after 9000 charge-discharge cycles, and a low charge-transfer resistance of 2.3 Ω. So, utilization of inkjet printing for the development of paper-based flexible electronics has a strong potential for embedding into the next generation low-cost, compact, and wearable energy-storage devices and other printed electronic applications.
Electronic textiles have garnered significant attention as smart technology for next-generation wearable electronic devices. The existing power sources lack compatibility with wearable devices due to their limited flexibility, high cost, and environment unfriendliness. In this work, we demonstrate bamboo fabric as a sustainable substrate for developing supercapacitor devices which can easily integrate to wearable electronics. The work demonstrates a replicable printing process wherein different metal oxide inks are directly printed over bamboo fabric substrates. The MnO 2-nico 2 o 4 is used as a positive electrode, rGO as a negative electrode, and LiCl/PVA gel as a solid-state electrolyte over the bamboo fabrics for the development of battery-supercapacitor hybrid device. The textile-based MnO 2-nico 2 o 4 //rGO asymmetric supercapacitor displays excellent electrochemical performance with an overall high areal capacitance of 2.12 F/cm 2 (1,766 F/g) at a current density of 2 mA/cm 2 , the excellent energy density of 37.8 mW/cm 3 , a maximum power density of 2,678.4 mW/ cm 3 and good cycle life. Notably, the supercapacitor maintains its electrochemical performance under different mechanical deformation conditions, demonstrating its excellent flexibility and high mechanical strength. The proposed strategy is beneficial for the development of sustainable electronic textiles for wearable electronic applications. Smart electronic textiles have recently gained a lot of attention as a viable solution for the upcoming wearable electronics era 1,2. The electronic textiles/ garments have demonstrated enormous potential in various applications such as; healthcare monitoring devices, environmental monitoring devices, military applications, entertainment, fashion technology etc 2-4. Recently, the development of different textile-based electronic devices (like; wearable displays, wearable sensors, memory devices, and wearable transistors) have received greater attention from the scientific and engineering community, and their development is carried out on a rapid pace 4-6. However, one of the major challenges for commercialization and further growth of wearable electronics is the lack of a compatible power supply that may possess the same level of flexibility, durability, weight, biocompatibility, and strength as the device itself 7,8. The conventional energy storage devices fail to address these needs due to their rigid and bulky nature and also their inability to mount/perform on moving surfaces as is a critical need of wearable devices mounted on human and other beings 1,9-11. Therefore, there exists a strong need for the development of flexible and high-performance energy storage devices which can be easily integrated with wearable electronics. Among the various energy storage devices, thin and flexible supercapacitors are gaining more consideration for wearable electronics due to their salient features, such as excellent lifetime, lightweight, high power density, and their ability to deliver under mechanical deformation co...
Inkjet printing is becoming one of the most efficient micro-manufacturing techniques to fabricate thin-film devices for flexible electronics applications. The energy storage unit is one of the most critical parts of the electronic devices, and planar micro-supercapacitors (PμSCs) are the emerging energy storage architecture in miniaturized electronic devices. However, the lack of high-performance energy storage units with the required flexibility, the selection of cost-effective processes, scalability issues related to inexpensive, high-volume manufacturing, and proper design of the device structure are still some of the major challenges for the development of flexible supercapacitors (SCs). To address these issues, we have fabricated fully printed, solid-state, and flexible PμSCs on cellulose paper substrates. The digitally designed interdigitated electrode patterns are first printed on paper with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) ink to construct a conducting matrix. The negative electrode is printed using activated carbon–Bi2O3 ink and the positive electrode is printed with rGO-MnO2 ink, each on one half of the pre-printed conducting patterns to form an asymmetric design using different nozzles of the same printer. A polyvinyl alcohol–KOH electrolyte ink is printed over the electrode patterns and solidifies to complete the device. Notably, geometric parameters such as the width of the electrode finger and the width of the interspaces between the adjacent fingers were also optimized to achieve the optimum electrochemical performance of the device. Interestingly, the as-prepared PμSC device displays excellent electrochemical performance, including high energy and power density (energy density of 13.28 mWh/cm3 at a power density of 4.5 W/cm3), excellent rate capability (80% retention of capacitance as the current density increases by 32 times), excellent frequency response (a time constant of 0.09 ms), and high cycle stability (92.2% retention of capacitance after 20 000 cycles). In addition, the presented method is highly scalable, with control over the device thickness, dimensions, size, shape, and implementation through one printing step defined through the computer-aided design layout. The devices also show outstanding flexibility, reproducibility, and repeatability. Therefore, the proposed strategy is beneficial to improve the next generation of printable and flexible energy storage systems.
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