Diabetic embryopathy is defined as congenital anomalies that are linked to maternal diabetes. The association between diabetes and fetal, neonatal, and long-term complications is well-established. These complications include organ or structural maldevelopment, fetal growth abnormalities, and learning/psychiatric comorbidities. Recent studies have elucidated the pathophysiology behind these conditions and outlined new management approaches. Caudal regression syndrome, also known as sacral agenesis, is a well-known but less described complication of maternal diabetes. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing research on common neonatal morbidities in infants of mothers with diabetes with a focus on caudal regression syndrome and its long-term associations.
Introduction: Primary care clinicians report inadequate training and lack of support regarding identification of early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), resulting in later diagnosis and poor outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of participants in ECHO Autism project regarding the value of the virtual collaborative as a mentoring tool. Methods: We completed a retrospective cross-sectional study of post-virtual clinic surveys of all participants who attended Autism ECHO from September 2, 2015 to June 5, 2019. Results: There were 87 Autism ECHO sessions held, with 83 didactic presentations. A total of 92 de-identified patient cases were discussed with 490 unique learners in attendance. Participants reported increase in self-efficacy in identifying ASD symptoms in children, assessing medical comorbidities, and learning new information. Discussion: Continuing education platforms in healthcare professions are increasingly embracing virtual live-interactive conferences. They provide opportunities to connect with experts, but also hear from peers regarding real-life case examples. During COVID-19 pandemic ECHO Autism was a lifeline for rural providers and will likely continue to increase in participation.
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