This is a Case Control Study that was conducted among 100 Type 2 DM (Diabetes Mellitus) patients who attended the OP and the wards of Ophthalmology Department at Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among Type 2 DM patients and whether thyroid dysfunction is associated with increased risk of retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes patients. Patients diagnosed with Type 2 DM on treatment for more than 5 years of diabetes mellitus and over 12 years of age were taken up for this study. Patients with known history of thyroid disorder, patients on drugs known to affect thyroid function like lithium, amiodarone, oral contraceptive pills, etc., pregnant mothers, systolic blood pressure more than 150 mm of Hg and diastolic more than 90 mm of Hg, with nephropathy and those patients for whom fundus examination was not possible, patients not consenting for this study were excluded from this study. Data and blood samples will be collected from subjects and serum shall be extracted for thyroid profile. All the study patients will undergo a detailed ocular examination for grading of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) as per the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) guidelines. RESULTSOdds Ratio (OR) for determining association between risk factor and disease was 5.06, with an upper 95% Confidence Limit of 15.051 and a lower confidence limit of 1.703, which means the odds of a diabetic patient with thyroid dysfunction (subclinical and overt hypothyroidism) developing retinopathy is 5.06 times that of a diabetic patient without thyroid dysfunction. According to this study the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction among the 100 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients studied was 23% with the most common problem being Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SCH) at 21% among the study population followed by overt hypothyroidism at 2%. As expected the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction 3 among females (32%) was much more than among males (14%), the odds ratio being 5.06. Chi-Square statistic applied to our data revealed P-value of <0.005. CONCLUSIONOur study showed a significant association between subclinical and overt hypothyroidism with development of diabetic retinopathy in this study population.
BACKGROUNDTessellated/tigroid fundus appearance are polygonal dark areas of choroid in between choroidal vessels -due to retinal pigment epithelium atrophy and prominent choroid pigmentation and large surface area along with retinal thinning. Low ocular perfusion pressure associated with thin and or long retinal arterioles reduces the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) compared to non-tessellated fundus. METHODSThis cross-sectional observational study was conducted among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients who attended as outpatient and admitted in the wards at Department of Ophthalmology, Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, to determine whether tessellated fundus is a protective factor for incidence and severity of DR, and to compare the duration and severity of DR in tessellated and non-tessellated fundus. All the patients with DR were examined and assessment of DR done with + 90 D lens under slit lamp microscope. Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) was performed and grading of DR done as per Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification (ETDRS) to analyse severity and duration of DR in Type 2 diabetes patients with tessellated and non-tessellated fundus. RESULTSAmong the 60 patients, 30 had tessellated fundus and 30 had non-tessellated fundus. The average age group of patients presenting with DR in this study was 45-70 years with male preponderance; 32 patients were myopic, 23 were hyperopic and 5 were emmetrope. On fundus examination, 93.33% of patients with diabetes for more than 5 years showed majority DR changes. Incidence of Proliferative DR was less in myopes compared to hyperopes; 13 patients had mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 25 had moderate NPDR, 12 had severe NPDR, 2 had very severe NPDR, 5 had early Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) and 3 had high risk PDR. Very severe NPDR, Early PDR and High risk PDR was 100% absent in tessellated ('p' value was 0.03). CONCLUSIONHence, tessellated fundus is a protective factor for incidence and severity of DR.
BACKGROUNDSurprisingly 30% of Indian blinds lose their sight before the age of 20 years, which makes early detection and treatment of visual impairment for children mandatory. School going children, therefore, form an important large target group and school vision screening plays an important part in early detection of amblyopia and institution of appropriate therapy, which is of immense value towards preventing the development of lifelong visual morbidity. The concept of "critical period" which explains the reversibility of amblyopia at younger age groups when the brain and visual system are immature and connections between neurons are still being formed and stabilised, stresses the importance of introducing the treatment at an early age thereby enhancing the visual outcome.
BACKGROUNDChronic dacryocystitis is one of the most common cause of epiphora due to insufficient drainage. Dacryocystogram by linear tomography with Omnipaque precisely helps us to determine the site of Nasolacrimal Duct (NLD) block. It helps us to arrive at the indications of surgery and also to plan the type of surgery that has to be performed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.