The experimental and numerical modeling of thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) requires a detailed laboratory analysis of core properties influenced by thermal exposure. To acquire the robust knowledge on the change in rock saturation and reservoir properties, the fastest way is to examine the rock samples before and after combustion. In the current paper, we studied the shale rock properties, such as core saturation, porosity, and permeability, organic matter content of the rock caused by the combustion front propagation within the experimental modeling of the high-pressure air injection. The study was conducted on Bazhenov shale formation rock samples. We reported the results on porosity and permeability evolution, which was obtained by the gas pressure-decay technique. The measurements revealed a significant increase of porosity (on average, for 9 abs. % of porosity) and permeability (on average, for 1 mD) of core samples after the combustion tube experiment. The scanning electron microscopy showed the changes induced by thermal exposure: the transformation of organic matter with and the formation of new voids and micro and nanofractures in the mineral matrix. Low-field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was chosen as a primary non-disruptive tool for measuring the saturation of core samples in ambient conditions. NMR T1–T2 maps were interpreted to determine the rock fluid categories (bitumen and adsorbed oil, structural and adsorbed water, and mobile oil) before and after the combustion experiment. Changes in the distribution of organic matter within the core sample were examined using 2D Rock-Eval pyrolysis technique. Results demonstrated the relatively uniform distribution of OM inside the core plugs after the combustion.
Introduction: Due to a lack of uniform shapes and sizes of bone defects in hip and knee joint pathology, their fixing could benefit from using individually manufactured 3D-printed highly porous titanium implants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of bone and muscle tissue integration into porous titanium implants manufactured using additive technology. Materials and methods: Porous and non-porous titanium plates were implanted into the latissimus dorsi muscle and tibia of 9 rabbits. On days 1, 60 and 90 animals were examined with x-rays. On day 60 histological tests were carried out. On day 90 the tensile strength at the implant-tissue interface was tested. Results: Histological analysis of muscle samples with porous titanium implants showed integration of connective tissue and blood vessels into the pores. Bone defect analysis demonstrated bone ingrowth into the pores of titanium with a minimal amount of fibrous tissue. The tensile strength of the muscular tissue attachment to the porous titanium was 28 (22–30) N which was higher than that of the control group 8.5 (5–11) N. Bone tissue attachment strength was 148 (140–152) N in the experimental group versus 118 (84–122) N in the control group. Conclusions: Using additive technology in manufacturing 3D-printed highly porous titanium implants improves bone and muscle integration compared with the non-porous material of the control group. This could be a promising approach to bone defect repair in revision and reconstruction surgery.
Aim. It’s common that revision arthroplasty of the large joints demands replacing of bone defects of irregular geometrical shapes and simultaneous restoring of support ability and ability to integrate surrounding muscular and tendinous structures into an implant that is required for a complete restoration of joint function.The purpose.To experimentally study the process of integration for muscular and bone tissue as well as tendinous and ligamentous structures into porous titanium materials.Material and methods. During in vivo experiment the authors created a standardized bone defect in 6 rabbits of chinchilla breed at the point of patella ligament attachment as well as a delamination area of muscular tissue in latissimus dorsi. Both knee joints and both latissimus dorsi were used in each animal. Study group included titanium implants with three-dimensional mesh structure. Control group — solid titanium implants with standard porosity. Titanium implants were produced by additive technologies with preliminary prototyping. The porosity corresponded to trabecular metal, striations — 0.45, pores size —100–200 microns. Study and control components were implanted in the identical conditions into the corresponding anatomical sites. Postoperative AP and lateral roentgenograms of knee joints were performed for all animals. Morphological research was conducted on day 60 after the implantation and strength properties were studied at day 90 after the implantation.Results.The authors observed bony ingrowth into implant pores with minimal volume of fibrous tissue, a distinct connective integration was reported represented by a dense fibrous tissue in the pores of components implanted into the muscular tissue. Testing of fixation strength of the study implants demonstrated a clearly superior strength of soft and bone tissue integration into the experimental mesh implants produced using additive technologies.
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