Measuring self-reported affective feelings to odors and odorous products is a recent challenge for the food and cosmetic field, requiring the development of suited instruments. This paper finalizes a line of studies aimed at developing Emotion and Odor Scales (EOSs) in several cultures. Previously available for Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Singapore, new EOSs are presented here for the United States, Brazil, and China. These scales, developed with 350 to 540 participants per country, have been conceived to allow the measurement of affective feelings (e.g., emotions, moods, attitudes) in response to a wide range of odors including pleasant and unpleasant, food and non-food ones. Several affective categories were recurrent in the countries examined here: Disgust/Irritation, Happiness/Wellbeing, Sensuality/Desire, Energy, but also Soothing/Peacefulness and Hunger/Thirst, indicating a potential link between emotion and adaptive universal functions of olfaction such as danger avoidance, ingestion and social communication. For these common categories, similarity in affective responses generally reflected geographic proximity indicating also a strong influence of cultural aspects. Exceptions to this pattern were Singapore and China, with affective responses of Singaporeans being closer to those of Europeans. This series of studies allows us to propose a universal scale (UniGEOS) that might be used in the future for examination of other cultures. This scale comprises affective categories that we found to be culturally shared, enclosing the most frequently shared affective terms, and several culturespecific aspects that may be relevant in other cultures. This tool can be used in its complete form (25 affective terms) or as a short version with 9 categories entitled Unpleasant Feelings, Happiness/Delight, Sensuality/Desire, Energy, Soothing/Peacefulness, Hunger/Thirst, Interest, Nostalgia and Spirituality.

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ResumoO trabalho tem a finalidade de apresentar aspectos teóricos e metodológicos da área de prosódia da fala para servir de ponto de partida para o pesquisador iniciante. A partir da significação platônica do termo "prosódia" desenvolve as acepções ligadas ao termo na pesquisa científica contemporânea, apresentando noções como proeminência, fronteira prosódica, acento frasal, grupo acentual, foco, ênfase, entoação e ritmo. Aspectos metodológicos da área como a montagem de corpora de fala de laboratório com relação com a fala espontânea, a normalização da duração silábica e a diferenciação da prosódia na produção da prosódia na percepção da fala são discutidos com o fim de apresentar algumas questões de relevo para a área de pesquisa. Palavras-chaveProsódia, Experimentação, Entoação, Ritmo.

A tese de R. Major, segundo a qual haveria evidências para se considerar o português brasileiro (PB) como "stress-timing" ou tendendo para tal, é rediscutida. As questões fonético-fonológicas suscitadas pela dicotomia de línguas "stress-timed" e "syllable-timed" e o suposto isocronismo absoluto são apresentadas sob um prisma estritamente prosódico-temporal. Um modelo empregando dois osciladores acoplados (acentual e silábico) possibilita a caracterização biparamétrica (taxa de elocução e força de acoplamento) de um conjunto arbitrário de frases de uma língua e permite mostrar que, em PB, há alto grau de "syllable-timing". À luz de uma análise fonética mais cuidadosa dos fatores ligados ao ritmo, mostra-se que os argumentos apresentados por Major para justificar "stress-timing" em PB são completamente equivocados.

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Portuguese, a language of the Ibero-Romance subgroup of the Romance languages, has a variety which is spoken in Brazil, a country with circa 170 million inhabitants, of whom about 161 million speak Portuguese and 138 million live in cities. For this illustration of Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth BP), we have recorded a speaker whose choice was guided by two demographic criteria, namely, to represent the most populous dialectal region, that of São Paulo, and the most frequent age range (15-29 years, corresponding to 28% of the Brazilian population. Source: IBGE, Demographic census 2000). The speaker was a female undergraduate student at the University of Campinas at age 21 at the time of the recording. She was born in the city of São Paulo, where she lived up to age 10. From then on she has been living in Valinhos, a city on the outskirts of Campinas.BP comprises several regional dialects, which can be roughly identified with the boundaries of the States of the federation. It is further possible to subcategorise these dialects into urban and rural. The following illustration is based on an urban variety of the São Paulo State dialectal region.In the transcriptions that follow, stress marks are omitted in penultimately stressed words, since this stress pattern is canonical in Portuguese.BP is distinct from European Portuguese (EP) in several respects. One of the most striking differences concerns vowel reduction, including the extreme case of deletion. Both phenomena are far less extreme in BP (cf. pagar pa"ga| 'to pay' in BP vs. på"ga| in EP), which does not present the long sequences of consonants typical of pre-stressed position in EP (cf. depen∆i"ka| 'to pluck', in this variety of BP vs. depenicar dpni"ka| in EP). By contrast, BP exhibits vowel epenthesis, breaking most two-obstruent sequences. For phonotactic reasons common to both BP and EP, one of the consonants is always an apical: psicologia pisIkoloZiå or pIsikoloZiå 'psychology' in BP vs. psIkoloZiå in EP. The epenthetic vowel is always [i] or [I], a fact which follows in part from the high front position of the tongue body at the (apical) consonant release, since the tongue front is involved in raising the tongue tip.In the consonant table and in the vowel inventory, allophones are indicated by parentheses. When not explicitly signalled, all transcriptions of this illustration are phonetic, in order to give a detailed account of the dialect presented here. For brevity and convenience, capital roman letters between slashes are used to indicate archiphonemes.

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Nonconsumptive effects of predators on prey are well known, but similar effects among competing predators are not. Aphidophagous insect larvae are notorious for cannibalism and intraguild predation, as they compete for aggregated but ephemeral prey. We tested for indirect effects of competitors on the development of Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and a green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), with all larvae reared on eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Control larvae were reared singly, while treatment larvae were reared pairwise, with either a conspecific or heterospecific, in partitioned Petri dishes that allowed the passage of chemical cues. Larvae of C. maculata, a dietary generalist, appeared stressed by the presence of competing larvae, whether con- or heterospecific, and suffered fitness costs (longer pupation times, lower male adult mass). In contrast, H. convergens and C. carnea, both aphid specialists, responded to competing larvae with accelerated development, and without any apparent costs in terms of adult size or reproductive performance. Adult C. carnea in some treatments were heavier than solitary controls, suggesting a higher consumption rate by the induced phenotype, and those exposed to H. convergens began oviposition earlier. Thus, the phenotypes induced in the specialized aphid predators were adaptive for development in aphid colonies, whereas that induced in the generalist was not. These results indicate that nonconsumptive effects are not simply a vertical force acting on prey, but can also impact conspecific and heterospecific competitors on the same trophic level.