The etiology of breast cancer might be explained by 2 mechanisms, namely, differentiation and proliferation of breast epithelial cells mediated by hormonal factors. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to update effects of risk factors for both mechanisms. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched up to January 2011. Studies that assessed association between oral contraceptives (OC), hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), diabetes mellitus (DM), or breastfeeding and breast cancer were eligible. Relative risks with their confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted. A random-effects method was applied for pooling the effect size. The pooled odds ratios of OC, HRT, and DM were 1.10 (95% CI = 1.03-1.18), 1.23 (95% CI = 1.21-1.25), and 1.14 (95% CI = 1.09-1.19), respectively, whereas the pooled odds ratio of ever-breastfeeding was 0.72 (95% CI = 0.58-0.89). Our study suggests that OC, HRT, and DM might increase risks, whereas breastfeeding might lower risks of breast cancer.
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Mammography is a widely used tool for breast cancer screening. Breast calcifications appear on mammograms as tiny white spots or grainy dots with a variety of clustering structures which may be time-consuming and difficult to identify by the human eye. Recent advances in multi-scale architectures have demonstrated strong feature representation for both large-scale contextual information and small-scale features. We hypothesized that the new architectures could be employed for classification of mammograms with breast calcifications and possibly for localization of breast calcification regions. In this study, we investigated different multi-scale architectures on 1,617 mammograms that contained only breast calcifications locally curated from our institution. Our best multi-scale attention network with hierarchical block-wise and layerwise feature representation capability achieved an accuracy of 84.34% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 90.36%. Similar performance was observed across breast density categories. Our network simultaneously processes both craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) views of the breast providing class activation maps that were able to precisely localize breast calcification regions in a weakly supervised manner, indicating the benefits of strong feature representation through the multi-scale architectures.
We describe the history of, indications for, and techniques involved in MRI-guided needle localization (MRI-NL). MRI-NL continues to be a safe, effective method of sampling lesions that are only detected with MRI, particularly for anatomically challenging lesions such as those near the chest wall, the nipple, the skin, and/or in close proximity to implants.
K E Y W O R D Sbreast cancer, MRI-guided needle localization
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.