Risk Factors of Breast Cancer

Anothaisintawee, Thunyarat; Wiratkapun, Cholatip; Lerdsitthichai, Panuwat; Kasamesup, Vijj; Wongwaisayawan, Sansanee; Srinakarin, Jiraporn; Hirunpat, Siriporn; Woodtichartpreecha, Piyanoot; Boonlikit, Sarawan; Teerawattananon, Yot; Thakkinstian, Ammarin

doi:10.1177/1010539513488795

Cited by 137 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 281 publications

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“…In contrast, estrogen use was significantly associated with increased risk of breast cancer. 25 Our statistical analysis after excluding HCC women with prior cancers continued to show the protective effect of estrogen use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Estrogen Replacement Reduces Risk and Increases Survival Times of Women With Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hassan

Botrus

Abdel-Wahab

et al. 2017

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

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Background & Aims Environmental factors have been identified that affect risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but little is known about the effects of sex hormones on liver cancer development or outcome. We investigated whether menopause hormone therapy (MHT) affects risk, age at onset, or outcome of HCC. Methods We performed a case–control study of 234 female patients treated for HCC at a tertiary medical center and with 282 healthy women (controls), from January 1, 2004 through May 31, 2015. We collected detailed information on environmental exposures, ages of menarche and menopause, hysterectomies, and uses of birth control and MHT. We performed multivariable logistic and Cox regression analyses to determine the independent effects of factors associated with women on risk and clinical outcome in HCC. The primary outcomes were effect of MHT on HCC risk, the relationship between MHT with hepatitis virus infection on HCC development, and effect of MHT on age at HCC onset or survival after diagnosis of HCC. Results The estimated adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for HCC in women who ever used estrogen was 0.53 (95% CI, 0.32–0.88). This association was supported by the older age of HCC onset among estrogen users (mean, 64.5±0.9 years) vs non-users (mean, 59.2±1.1 years) (P=.001) and the reduced risk of HCC among long-term users (more than 5 years) (AOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.20– 0.63). Users of estrogen also had a reduced risk for hepatitis-associated HCC: AOR for users, 4.37 (95% CI, 1.67–11.44) vs AOR for non-users, 17.60 (95% CI, 3.88–79.83). Estrogen use reduced risk of death from HCC (hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40–0.77) (P=.01). Median overall survival times were 33.5 months for estrogen users (95% CI, 25.7–41.3 months) and 24.1 months for non-users (95% CI, 19.02–29.30 months) (P=.008). Conclusion In a case–control study of women with HCC vs female controls at a single center, we associated use of estrogen MHT with reduced risk of HCC and increased overall survival times of patients with HCC. Further studies are needed to determine the benefits of estrogen therapy for women and patients with HCC, and effects of tumor expression of estrogen receptor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Estrogen Replacement Reduces Risk and Increases Survival Times of Women With Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hassan

Botrus

Abdel-Wahab

et al. 2017

Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology

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“…Diabetes mellitus (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.30-1.78) [30] and smoking were reported to increase the breast cancer risk [34], but not to a similar extent for all regions [35]. In contrast to reports from developed countries [36,37], a higher body mass index is not associated with premenopausal breast cancer, but is linked to postmenopausal breast cancer in Asian populations [38].…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…However, not all of these factors are similarly relevant in Asian populations. For example, a recent meta-analysis suggests that, although hormone replacement therapy is an important risk factor in Caucasians (odds ratio (OR) 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.22), it is not associated with an elevated breast cancer risk in Asian women (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.44-2.09) [30]. …”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Status and Future Projections of Breast Cancer in Asia

2015

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Asia is the world's largest continent comprising about 3/5 of the human population. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Asia, accounting for 39% of all breast cancers diagnosed worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer in Asia varies widely across the continent and is still lower than in Western countries, but the proportional contribution of Asia to the global breast cancer rates is increasing rapidly in parallel to the socioeconomic development. However, the mortality-to-incidence ratios are much higher for Asia than for Western countries. Most Asian countries are low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where breast cancer presents at a younger age and a later stage, and where patients are more likely to die from the disease than those in Western countries. Moreover, diagnostic workup, treatment and palliative services are inadequate in most Asian LMICs. In this review, we present an overview of the breast cancer risk factors and epidemiology, control measures, and cancer care among Asian countries.

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“…Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality for women world-wide [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. In recent decades, breast cancer incidence has seen a steady increase in many developing countries while it reached a plateau in developed nations [6], [7], [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk among Women in Three Sub-Saharan African Countries

et al. 2014

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BackgroundAlcohol drinking is linked to the development of breast cancer. However, there is little knowledge about the impact of alcohol consumption on breast cancer risk among African women.MethodsWe conducted a case-control study among 2,138 women with invasive breast cancer and 2,589 controls in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Uganda from 1998 to 2013. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on alcohol consumption, defined as consuming alcoholic beverages at least once a week for six months or more. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsAmong healthy controls, the overall alcohol consumption prevalence was 10.4%, and the prevalence in Nigeria, Cameroon, and Uganda were 5.0%, 34.6%, and 50.0%, respectively. Cases were more likely to have consumed alcohol (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.33–1.97). Both past (aOR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.19–2.00) and current drinking (aOR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.30–2.23) were associated with breast cancer risk. A dose-response relationship was observed for duration of alcohol drinking (P-trend <0.001), with 10-year increase of drinking associated with a 54% increased risk (95% CI: 1.29–1.84).ConclusionWe found a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk, suggesting that this modifiable risk factor should be addressed in breast cancer prevention programs in Africa.

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Risk Factors of Breast Cancer

Cited by 137 publications

References 281 publications

Estrogen Replacement Reduces Risk and Increases Survival Times of Women With Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Estrogen Replacement Reduces Risk and Increases Survival Times of Women With Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Current Status and Future Projections of Breast Cancer in Asia

Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk among Women in Three Sub-Saharan African Countries

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