Hydroxyproline is a non-essential amino acid found in collagen and few other extracellular animal proteins. It's two isomeric forms trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline and trans-3-hydroxy-L-proline play a crucial role in collagen synthesis and thermodynamic stability of the triple-helical conformation of collagen and associated tissues. Various abnormalities in hydroxyproline metabolism have been shown to play key roles in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of different diseases. The elevated level of hydroxyproline is observed in several disorders, e.g., graft versus host disease, keloids, and vitiligo while its decreased level is a marker of poor wound-healing. This review explores the potential of using hydroxyproline as a biochemical marker to understand the pathogenesis, molecular pathophysiology and treatment of these diseases. The review concludes with an outlook on the scope and challenges in the clinical implementation of hydroxyproline as a biomarker.

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Microorganisms attach to surfaces, start multiplying, and develop biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by the generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and up- and downregulation of their specific genes. The attachment of microorganisms is a complex process regulated by diverse characteristics--growth medium, substratum, and cell surfaces. An established biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. Cells may also communicate via quorum sensing, which may in turn affect biofilm processes such as detachment. Biofilms have great importance for public health because of their role in certain infectious diseases and their importance in a variety of device-related infections. Because many antibiotics are unable to eradicate dense biofilms, much work is required to devise ways to prevent their occurrence and clear them from the host. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective strategies for biofilm control and improvement in patient care and management.

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