The phenomenon of soil fatigue, causing replant disease, can occur in the conditions of monocultural cultivation. This evokes a decrease in the soil productive value because of the deterioration of biological soil properties. In the present work, an attempt has been made to improve the biological activity of a replanted soil by the use of three micro-biological preparations: EM-5, Bacto Fill 10B and Humobak PG. The biological activity of soil was estimated using two parameters: the activity of soil enzymes, dehydrogenase and protease as well as the respiratory activity. The application of microbiological preparations significantly increased the activity of dehydrogenase in the soil. The effect of two among the three applied preparations exerted a smaller influence on the protease activity. An exception was the Humobak PG preparation whose application distinctly increased the activity of protease in the replanted soil. On the other hand, the vegetation period was found to exert a significant effect both on soil enzymatic and respiratory activity. In the autumn period, the activity of both enzymes in the soil was higher, in comparison with the spring period, while the respiratory activity was higher in the spring. The functioning of soil microorganisms depends on some physico-chemical properties of soil. In our work, the studied preparations did not have any significant effect on the changes in the pH values. However, the effect was more perceivable on the content of organic carbon in the soil. The application of microbiological preparations in replanted soil caused a change in the plant growth and fruiting. Among others, an increase in the average leaf area of strawberry, the average fruit mass and the content of juice extract in fruits was observed.
Both mycorrhizal and Trichoderma spp. fungi are known for antagonistic effects against certain biological pathogens causing apple replant disease (ARD). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the bioinoculants based on endomycorrhizal and Trichoderma spp. fungi on the biological properties of soil as well as the parameters of the apple tree growths in a fruit tree nursery under replantation conditions. A two-year experiment was conducted on Jonagold apple trees grafted on to M.9 rootstock in western Poland. The trees were planted in the replant soil—from areas used for the production of apple trees, and in the crop rotation soil, that had not been used for nursery purposes before. A mycorrhizal inoculum and preparations containing Trichoderma spp. fungi were applied to the replant soil. Biological properties of the soil and the growth of the aerial and underground parts of the apple trees were assessed. The enzymatic (dehydrogenases and protease) and respiratory activity of the replant soil was significantly lower than that of the crop rotation soil. The apple trees grew worse when exposed to the ARD conditions. The effectiveness of applied bioinoculants in mitigating the effects of replantation in the nursery were shown. Both the treatment mycorrhization and the application of bioinoculants containing Trichoderma spp. increased the respiratory and enzymatic activity of the replant soil. The growth of the root system and the aerial parts of the trees (including leaves) was much better after the combined use of both types of fungi than in the replant soil that had not received the fungal treatment.
The studies were conducted at two sites (a replantation and a virgin soil site). The following two combinations were used for each of the sites: control with no treatments applied and with the application of a mycorrhizal vaccine on the root balls of the plants at the time of planting. The four-year research showed that the way of soil usage had an influence on its biochemical properties, which were evaluated on the basis of enzymatic activity, which, except for the dehydrogenases, was at a lower lever in the replanted soil site. The use of a mycorrhizal vaccine did not increase the enzymatic activity in the replanted soil site, sometimes even lowered it. The content of organic matter defined as the total content of carbon and dissolvable carbon in the soil was higher at the replanted site than at the virgin soil one. The use of the mycorrhizal vaccine contributed to the increase of the content of the organic matter but only in the virgin soil site. The soil from the plantation growing on the virgin soil was characterized by the highest content of proteolytic bacteria and the highest respiratory activity.
Foliar fertilization makes it possible to quickly provide plants with essential nutrients, mainly micronutrients, which can significantly improve the quality of yields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilization with fertilizers containing calcium and microelements on yielding and fruit quality of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). A two-year study was carried out in western Poland in an experimental highbush blueberry production plantation. During the growing season the bushes were treated several times with the following foliar fertilizers: Armurox, BioCal, and Stymjod. The experiment assessed bush growth vigor, yield, fruit quality characteristics, sugar, organic acid, and health-promoting substance content. It was found that as a result of fertilizing highbush blueberry bushes with foliar fertilizers, the leaf blade area and plant yield increased significantly. The fruits collected from those bushes were characterized by a higher mass, firmness, and TSS content. This also applies to blueberry fruit after storage. Foliar fertilization had no significant effect on the content of chlorophyll a and b in the leaves of northern highbush blueberry, on fruit coloration, the content of sugars, ascorbic and citric acids, and the phenolic compounds in them.
Research on the impact of the mycorrhization on the content of selected macroelements (N, P, K and Mg) present in the soil and in the leaves of the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivar 'Bluecrop' was carried out between 2009 and 2014. Plants were grown in the replanted soil (after 30 years of blueberry cultivation) and in the soil not used for blueberry cultivation (virgin soil). The mycorrhizal vaccine (mixture Vaccinium myrtillus L., V. vitis-idaea L. and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.) was used once when the plants were planted permanently. A varied effect of the use of mycorrhizal vaccine on the chemical composition of soil and plants was demonstrated. The application of this treatment significantly decreased the content of ammonium (N-NH 4), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil and increased nitrate (N-NO 3) and magnesium (Mg) content in relation to the control treatment (without the mycorrhizal vaccine). Within the examined soils-soil after replantation as well as virgin soil-a significant effect of mycorrhizae on the increase of nitrogen (N), K and Mg content in blueberry leaves was demonstrated.
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