The present paper aims to identify the interdependencies between the motives and modes of foreign direct investment (FDI) undertaken by Polish companies in different host countries. The qualitative analysis also considers firm characteristics, prior modes of entry and host-country choices. By using a structured survey, based on an extensive literature review, the authors apply within-case and cross-case approaches to analyse data collected from ten Polish companies. The findings lead to the formulation of seven propositions which may serve as guidelines for future research using larger and more representative samples of Polish outward foreign direct investment.
Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Motiven und Formen von ausländischen Direktinvestitionen polnischer Unternehmen in unterschiedlichen Gastländern. In einer qualitativen Analyse wurden zugleich dieUnternehmenseigenschaften, ihre Internationalisierungsverläufe sowie die Wahl der Gastländer berücksichtigt. Mittels einer Umfrage, die anhand einer ausführlichen Literaturstudie entwickelt wurde, wurden Daten von zehn polnischen Auslandsinvestoren gesammelt und im Rahmen einer fallbezogenen und fallübergreifenden Analyse ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse ermöglichen die Formulierung von sieben Hypothesen, die als Ausgangspunkt für zukünftige Untersuchungen mit größeren und repräsentativeren Stichproben polnsicher ausländsicher Direktinvestitionen dienen könnten.
The involvement of firms in innovation cooperation with different partners has become a widespread phenomenon in the contemporary business landscape. Our paper provides a review of extant alliance, innovation, open innovation and inter-firm collaboration literature and organizes it based on a conceptual framework featuring three levels of analysis: (a) the dyadic level, (b) the network level, and (c) the location level. The article identifies roadmaps in each of these areas and also highlights existing gaps in the present understanding of innovation cooperation. Thereby, it outlines a research agenda by identifying key research questions and issues in the areas where further research is needed and encouraged.Sustainability 2018, 10, 4517 3 of 32 changes that create the economic space of a given country [29] In this space, which Freeman called the National Innovation System, there are more or less formalized networks of cooperating companies and institutions. Indeed, as Fomina et al. [30] argue, the stability of economic development is determined by the features of the network structure in a collaborative engagement of enterprises. Therefore, it is legitimate to explore whether and how the location of companies and other institutions influence their cooperation for the development of innovation, and the performance outcomes thereof.Economic geography has developed the concept of proximity to explain the formation of networks and clusters of innovative companies in industrial districts [31,32]. The different dimensions of proximity may explain some of the positive externalities, such as knowledge creation and transfer, as well as innovation, which are generated by companies that are co-located [33]. According to Boschma [34], proximity implies similarity between actors and organizations, including both a geographical or spatial dimension and other non-spatial dimensions. Knoben and Oerlemans [35] note that "the concept of proximity has been used in many different ways in the literature, this including different measures and definitions".Boschma [34] identifies five types of proximity:
Foreign direct investment (FDI), its motives, modes and location choice constitute key subjects in theory and research in international business, due to their long-term consequences for firm competitiveness. The determinants of results achieved in foreign markets can therefore be described as a fundamental research area, which specifically includes studies on FDI performance. In spite of its long tradition and methodical advancement, extant research show numerous inconsistencies and ambiguous findings. In both international and Polish literature, no complex summary of extant knowledge on FDI performance determinants can be found, which would allow for the consolidation and evaluation of earlier findings. The aim of this paper is to present the findings of a structured review of 95 studies on performance of foreign subsidiaries. Within extant studies, four main research streams were identified, focusing on FDI mode choice, resource determinants on a firm and subsidiary level, host-country characteristics and corporate strategy. Previous research has not adequately considered the role of expansion motives for evaluating FDI performance. Future studies should also to a greater extent account for a differentiated role of firm resources, particularly various types of international experience, as applied in host countries at different levels of economic and institutional development. Moreover, a more holistic FDI performance analysis requires a simultaneous consideration of financial and non-financial dimensions of a foreign subsidiary's competitive position. Based on the outcomes of the present review, areas for further studies have been proposed, especially as regards the context of outward FDI, increasingly undertaken by Polish companies, and its specific character.
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