Environmental risks, in particular climate change and environmental pollution, are among the key challenges faced by modern governments nowadays. Environmental risks are associated with specific costs and expenditures necessary to mitigate their negative effects. In this context, the financial system plays a significant role, particularly the public financial system, which allocates and redistributes public resources and has an impact on market participants by imposing environmental taxes. This study assessed the interdependence between environmental degradation and public expenditure, financial sector development, environmental taxes, and related socioeconomic policies. The aim was to diagnose and define the relationship between environmental degradation and sustainable fiscal instruments used in the financial system. The original research approach adopted in the study is the inclusion of variables representing a sustainable approach to assessment of the financial system. Two groups of European Union countries were analyzed for the period 2008–2017, namely, converging economies from Central and Eastern Europe and the largest developed economies of Western Europe. The authors found a strong relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and fiscal instruments, especially expenditure on research and development, and the development of the financial sector. In the case of environmental taxes, their impact differed depending on the country, being predominantly beneficial in countries with higher greenhouse gas emissions but unfavorable in countries with lower emissions levels.
The aim of this paper is to expand the understanding of the influence of trust relationship, as well as tacit knowledge on the process of business advice utilisation in small innovative firms. Research Design & Methods: The analysis is based on empirical research conducted with the use of the explorative approach. The multiple case study methodology was used. Findings: Trust relationships as well as tacit knowledge were identified as factors essential to the process of utilisation of business advice in small innovative firms. It was recognised that the significance of both factors is related not only to the process of advice, but also as a purpose of activities happening prior to advice. They are referred to as the initial phase. Implications & Recommendations: The findings provide implications for further research of the structure of the process of business advice utilisation. It is related to the inclusion of the "initial phase", as well as to the necessity to include both factors in further research. The paper also provides implications related to the measurement of business advice output, and recommendations on the construction of public policy instruments. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this work lies in using the process perspective and qualitative methodology in the field of the utilisation of business advice. It extends our understanding of the processes of business advice with regard to trust, as well as the use of tacit knowledge. The original contribution is to add the "initial phase" to the description of the business advice process. Article type: research paper
The aim of the article is to present the possible roles and services which can be gained by organizations from the business offer performed by hr business partners. The history of the HRPB development concept is shortly described as well as their round of evolution during last two decades. The main theoretical models of HRBP and their implication for their possible range of hr and business services are discussed. In conclusion is stressed the need of widening HRBP services for the other categories of customers, including small companies and individual subjects.
The aim of the article is to present the role of public transport and its financing methods, with particular emphasis on the role of transport tariffs in Poland. Tariffs in collective transport, in addition to its financing functions, that is, covering the cost of services, are increasingly fulfilling the functions of shaping the desirability of public transport, thereby supporting the city's competitiveness as a whole, both in relation to its residents and people who have jobs in the city or are guests/tourists. The article hypothesises that third generation tariffs are financial tools that allow cities to manage local finance more effectively and affect the competitiveness and appeal of public transport. The research process used methods of critical analysis of literature, induction and deduction, logical inference and economic and financial analysis.
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