Background This study aimed to determine the impact of pulmonary complications on death after surgery both before and during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Methods This was a patient-level, comparative analysis of two, international prospective cohort studies: one before the pandemic (January–October 2019) and the second during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (local emergence of COVID-19 up to 19 April 2020). Both included patients undergoing elective resection of an intra-abdominal cancer with curative intent across five surgical oncology disciplines. Patient selection and rates of 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications were compared. The primary outcome was 30-day postoperative mortality. Mediation analysis using a natural-effects model was used to estimate the proportion of deaths during the pandemic attributable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results This study included 7402 patients from 50 countries; 3031 (40.9 per cent) underwent surgery before and 4371 (59.1 per cent) during the pandemic. Overall, 4.3 per cent (187 of 4371) developed postoperative SARS-CoV-2 in the pandemic cohort. The pulmonary complication rate was similar (7.1 per cent (216 of 3031) versus 6.3 per cent (274 of 4371); P = 0.158) but the mortality rate was significantly higher (0.7 per cent (20 of 3031) versus 2.0 per cent (87 of 4371); P < 0.001) among patients who had surgery during the pandemic. The adjusted odds of death were higher during than before the pandemic (odds ratio (OR) 2.72, 95 per cent c.i. 1.58 to 4.67; P < 0.001). In mediation analysis, 54.8 per cent of excess postoperative deaths during the pandemic were estimated to be attributable to SARS-CoV-2 (OR 1.73, 1.40 to 2.13; P < 0.001). Conclusion Although providers may have selected patients with a lower risk profile for surgery during the pandemic, this did not mitigate the likelihood of death through SARS-CoV-2 infection. Care providers must act urgently to protect surgical patients from SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background Ileus is common after elective colorectal surgery, and is associated with increased adverse events and prolonged hospital stay. The aim was to assess the role of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for reducing ileus after surgery. Methods A prospective multicentre cohort study was delivered by an international, student‐ and trainee‐led collaborative group. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The primary outcome was time to gastrointestinal recovery, measured using a composite measure of bowel function and tolerance to oral intake. The impact of NSAIDs was explored using Cox regression analyses, including the results of a centre‐specific survey of compliance to enhanced recovery principles. Secondary safety outcomes included anastomotic leak rate and acute kidney injury. Results A total of 4164 patients were included, with a median age of 68 (i.q.r. 57–75) years (54·9 per cent men). Some 1153 (27·7 per cent) received NSAIDs on postoperative days 1–3, of whom 1061 (92·0 per cent) received non‐selective cyclo‐oxygenase inhibitors. After adjustment for baseline differences, the mean time to gastrointestinal recovery did not differ significantly between patients who received NSAIDs and those who did not (4·6 versus 4·8 days; hazard ratio 1·04, 95 per cent c.i. 0·96 to 1·12; P = 0·360). There were no significant differences in anastomotic leak rate (5·4 versus 4·6 per cent; P = 0·349) or acute kidney injury (14·3 versus 13·8 per cent; P = 0·666) between the groups. Significantly fewer patients receiving NSAIDs required strong opioid analgesia (35·3 versus 56·7 per cent; P < 0·001). Conclusion NSAIDs did not reduce the time for gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery, but they were safe and associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement.

Introduction: The tentorial aperture is a complex space that varies considerably in size and shape. Although this space is defined by the free edges of the tentorium cerebelli, it has remained anatomically elusive. Modern neuroimaging methods routinely provide images of the tentorial notch but the literature so far available is remarkably devoid of extensive observations on the different types of tentorial notches. Dimensions of tentorial notch may determine the clinical sequelae and prognosis of many neurological conditions. Aim: To analyse the anatomical variations of tentorial notch, elucidating its clinical relevance in neurosurgery. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed from August 2010-January2012. The midbrain was sectioned in an axial plane following the contour of the tentorial edge during medico-legal autopsies in 40 adult human cadavers, age ranging from 20 to 65 years. The parameters measured were: 1) Anterior Notch Width (ANW), the width of tentorial notch through the posterior aspect of the dorsum sellae; 2) Maximum Notch Width (MNW), the maximum width of the tentorial notch in axial plane; 3) Notch Length (NL), the distance between posterosuperior edge of the dorsum sellae in the mid-plane and the apex of notch; 4) Interpedunculoclival (IC) distance, the distance from the interpeduncular fossa to the posterosuperior edge of the dorsum sellae; 5) Apicotectal (AT) distance, the distance between the tectum of midbrain in the mid-plane and the apex of tentorial notch. The data obtained was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Results: The quartile groups defined by MNW (mean 29.77±2.26 mm) were labeled as narrow, midrange and wide. Quartile groups defined by NL (mean 57.98±4.52 mm) were labeled as short, midrange and long. By combining these six groups into matrix formation, tentorial notches were classified into eight types. Applying quartile distribution technique to IC (mean 21.21±3.72 mm), brainstem positions within the tentorial notch were labeled as prefixed, midposition and postfixed. Conclusion: Variations in the dimensions of tentorial aperture may be implicated in the different clinical presentations related to transtentorial herniation, concussion and acceleration-deceleration injuries. The results of the present study provide a baseline data about tentorial notch which may facilitate neurosurgical decision making.

Background: Post placental IUCD insertion refers to the insertion of IUD within 10 minutes of expulsion of placenta. Intra-cesarean section is insertion of IUD after removal of placenta before closure of uterine incision. The objective of this study was to study the efficacy, safety and effect on menstrual cycle, expulsion, continuation and failure rate of post-placental copper-T 380A after vaginal and cesarean birth over the period of 1 year in tertiary centre. Methods: A total 150 women who opted for insertion of copper-T 380A within 10 minutes of expulsion of placenta whether delivered vaginally or by cesarean section, were enrolled in study. Women having past history of ectopic pregnancy or any genital tract infection or hemorrhagic disorders, uterine anomaly, chorioamnionitis, LPV>18 hours, unresolved PPH, Hb<8 g% were excluded from the study. Results: No incidence of perforation, PID or failure of contraception was detected. Percentage of satisfaction among users after 6 weeks 91%, 3 months 92.9% and 6 months 95.6%. Conclusions: Although there was high incidence of missing IUCD threads (due to coiling of thread), actual expulsion rate was far lesser. Removal rate due to menorrhagia, pain abdomen and vaginal discharge was low and 6 months continuation rate was considerably good.

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Background: The estimation of inter-relationship between arm span and stature has been an important tool in anthropometric measurements. It is found to be of great importance in such cases where direct measurement of stature is not possible. Objective: To find the correlation between the arm-span and standing height of both males and females in the population of Rajasthan and to use the results for medico-legal and anthropometric purposes. Materials and Methods:The study involved 600 participants (300 males and 300 females) grouped in 3 different age groups to find inter-relationship between arm-span and standing height among these age groups. The groups were divided as Group A (26-35 yr), Group B (36-45 yr), Group C (46-55). The data for study collected from different regions of Rajasthan by means of community visits. The standing height and arm-span were measured for each individual and analyzed. Result: A positive correlation was found to exist between the arm-span and stature. The correlation coefficient "r" was found to be 0.921, 0.956 and 0.956 for group A, B and C respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that arm-span can be used in estimation of the height of both males and females. Arm span is one of the most reliable body parameter for obtaining the stature of an individual, also useful in obtaining age-related loss in stature and in identifying individuals with disproportionate growth abnormalities and in medico-legal cases.