Application of a hydrostatic pressure in the range of 1-650 atm boosted photoluminescence and electroluminescence of hexaphenylsilole by approximately 10 and approximately 73%, respectively, due to the suppression of intramolecular rotations and/or the increase in carrier injection, offering a helpful mechanistic insight into the intriguing phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission.
Many ancestry informative SNP (AISNP) panels have been published. Ancestry resolution in them varies from three to eight continental clusters of populations depending on the panel used. However, none of these panels differentiates well among East Asian populations. To meet this need, we have developed a 74 AISNP panel after analyzing a much larger number of SNPs for Fst and allele frequency differences between two geographically close population groups within East Asia. The 74 AISNP panel can now distinguish at least 10 biogeographic groups of populations globally: Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia, South Asia, North Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Pacific and Americas. Compared with our previous 55-AISNP panel, Southeast Asia and North Asia are two newly assignable clusters. For individual ancestry assignment, the likelihood ratio and ancestry components were analyzed on a different set of 500 test individuals from 11 populations. All individuals from five of the test populations - Yoruba (YRI), European (CEU), Han Chinese in Henan (CHNH), Rondonian Surui (SUR) and Ticuna (TIC) - were assigned to their appropriate geographical regions unambiguously. For the other test populations, most of the individuals were assigned to their self-identified geographical regions with a certain degree of overlap with adjacent populations. These alternative ancestry components for each individual thus help give a clearer picture of the possible group origins of the individual. We have demonstrated that the new AISNP panel can achieve a deeper resolution of global ancestry.
Carbon dots (surface-passivated small carbon nanoparticles) are crosslinked to result in fluorescence probes containing one or multiple dots. For the single-dot probes, the crosslinking further stabilizes the dot structure, while for those packed with multiple dots, the individual probe imaging results demonstrate that the fluorescence properties are additive, with more dots for higher emission intensities in a proportional fashion, thus enabling the preparation of ultra-bright fluorescence probes.
Circularly
polarized luminescent materials play an increasingly
important role in display equipment and optical apparatuses. Herein,
we design and synthesize a kind of luminescent liquid crystalline
polymer with both chirality and aggregation-induced emission groups,
namely, poly(4-cholesterol formate-oxygen-tetraphenylethylene-methacrylate)
(PT-Chol). Polarized light microscopy and X-ray scattering results
show that the polymer forms a layered structure. Because of the existence
of the tetraphenylethylene luminogen, the polymer shows highly efficient
circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties with a luminescence
dissymmetry factor (g
lum) of ∼+0.45
after blending a specified amount of 4-cyano-4′-pentyl biphenyl
(5CB), although the pure polymer does not show any CPL behavior in
the solid state. A further experimental result shows that the mixture
of PT-Chol and 5CB can form a chiral nematic liquid crystal (N*-LC)
or smectic C* (Sm C*) phase in low concentration, but the complete
dissolution of PT-Chol in 5CB does not result in the development of
CPL properties. Gradually increasing the concentration of PT-Chol
leads to the development of aggregation-enhanced emission behavior
in the 5CB solution, which results in highly efficient CPL properties
in the Sm C* phase. At the same time, the obtained circularly polarized
luminescent material shows excellent stability, which is conducive
to its applications in optoelectronic devices.
SummaryThe prostate gland from several animal species contains variable levels of muscarinic subtypes, but only the human prostate expresses significant levels of the m1 subtype. We studied muscarinic receptor activity in human benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) as well as several cell lines derived from prostate cancer. The BPH we studied expresses approximately 75% of the m1 receptor and undetectable levels of the other receptor subtypes whereas PC3 cells express only the m3 receptor subtype. DU145 and LnCaP cells express approximately equal levels of m1 and m3 receptor subtypes. Only the PC3 cells responded to carbachol with an increase in turnover of polyphosphoinositides, and none of the cell lines responded with effects on cAMP metabolism. Co-precipitation of receptors with heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins demonstrated interactions of the m1 receptors with Gi, Gq and G16 in BPH tissue and of the m1 and m3 receptors with Gi, Gq and G12 in PC3 and DU145 cells. Mitogen activated protein kinase (ERK) activity was seen in response to carbachol in PC3 and DU145 but not LnCaP cells. Finally, carbachol promoted cell proliferation in all three cell lines. Thus, there appears to be no consistent relationship between ERK activity, cell proliferation, and the subtype mediating the proliferative response, amongst these prostate cancer cell lines. Keywords muscarinic receptor; prostate; G protein coupling; cell proliferation Hammer and colleagues (1) were the first to use the drug pirenzepine to suggest that muscarinic receptors could be subdivided into at least two categories, then called M1 and M2. The M1 receptor was purified and subsequently cloned from mammalian cerebral cortex, a tissue rich in this pharmacologically defined receptor subtype (2). It is now well established that five receptor subtypes with differing protein sequences are expressed in brain. The m1 receptor protein (as defined by molecular sequence) is abundant in brain, constituting roughly 30-40% of the total muscarinic receptors present in several brain regions, yet is present in a mixture with other receptor subtypes. The pharmacological and biochemical analysis of this receptor subtype has thus focussed on the use of cell lines transfected with plasmids encoding and expressing the cloned m1 receptor DNA. We recently showed, using surgically-acquired samples of human benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and using an immunoprecipitation assay to measure expressed protein levels, that BPH expresses significant levels of the m1 receptor protein, constituting almost all of the measurable levels of muscarinic receptor in this gland (3). The role of the cholinergic innervation of this gland has surprisingly not been well-characterized. We therefore chose this tissue as a model in which to study the m1 muscarinic receptor in a prototypical NIH Public Access
MethodsThe methods used for immunoprecipitation of receptors and complexes of receptor and guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein have been described (3). The assays for p...
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