In wireless environments, transmission and 1 reception costs dominate system power consumption, motivating 2 research effort on new technologies capable of reducing the 3 footprint of the radio, paving the way for the Internet of 4 Things. The most important challenge is to reduce power 5 consumption when receivers are idle, the so called idle-listening 6 cost. One approach proposes switching off the main receiver, 7 then introduces new wake-up circuitry capable of detecting 8 an incoming transmission, optionally discriminating the packet 9 destination using addressing, then switching on the main radio 10 only when required. This wake-up receiver technology represents 11 the ultimate frontier in low power radio communication. In 12 this paper, we present a comprehensive literature review of 13 the research progress in wake-up radio (WuR) hardware and 14 relevant networking software. First, we present an overview of 15 the WuR system architecture, including challenges to hardware 16 design and a comparison of solutions presented throughout the 17 last decade. Next, we present various medium access control and 18 routing protocols as well as diverse ways to exploit WuRs, both 19 as an extension of pre-existing systems and as a new concept to 20 manage low-power networking.
Nowadays, the interest in low-cost and increasingly accurate Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for active distribution systems is steadily growing. In this paper, an algorithm for synchrophasor, fundamental frequency and ROCOF estimation tailored for processing platforms with limited computational resources is described and characterized extensively in terms of both accuracy and processing time. The proposed solution harnesses the main advantages of two state-of-the-art algorithms, i.e. the Interpolated Discrete Fourier Transform (IpDFT) and the Taylor-Fourier Transform (TFT). Such algorithms are combined and implemented in a computationally-efficient manner to reduce processing time as much as possible, while ensuring good accuracy in the main testing conditions specified in the IEEE Standard C37.118.1-2011 and its Amendment C37.118.1a-2014. Estimation accuracy has been evaluated not only through simulations, but also experimentally. The good consistency between simulationbased and experimental results provides clear evidence that the uncertainty contributions due to transducers, acquisition and synchronization systems can be reasonably kept under control. The processing times of the algorithm, implemented on an embedded platform suitable for PMU prototyping, are compliant with the mandatory reporting rates of Class M PMUs.
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